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This methodology report describes the development and piloting of an integrated cost-benefit analysis (CBA) model designed to estimate the direct and indirect benefits of nature-based infrastructure (NBI)—such as conservation and reforestation—for road resilience in Indonesia. The model expands traditional CBA by incorporating 'non-road' benefits, including socio-economic and environmental externalities, to provide a more holistic view of the value of investing in climate-resilient infrastructure.

This report by Trend Asia examines the role of large conglomerates, state-owned enterprises, and politically connected corporations in Indonesia's energy transition, specifically focusing on the development of energy plantation forests (HTE) for biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants (PLTU). The document argues that the transition is being dominated by powerful actors with a history of deforestation and land conflict, potentially leading to a 'carbon debt' and further environmental degradation.

This briefing by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) and Global Energy Monitor (GEM) examines the growth of 'captive' coal-fired power plants in Indonesia—off-grid stations operated by industrial actors. The report highlights a significant increase in captive coal capacity, primarily driven by the metal smelting industry, and argues that this trend threatens Indonesia's national climate commitments and the goals of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP).

This briefing by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) examines the growth of 'captive' coal-fired power plants in Indonesia—off-grid facilities operated by industrial users. It highlights a significant increase in captive capacity, particularly to power metal smelters for nickel and aluminium, which contradicts Indonesia's climate commitments and the goals of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP).

A report by Trend Asia and Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) investigating potential fraud and irregularities in the procurement of tear gas equipment by the Indonesian National Police (Polri) between 2013 and 2022.

This report by Trend Asia analyzes the environmental risks associated with PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara's (PLN) co-firing policy, which mixes biomass with coal in power plants. The author argues that the massive land requirements for energy plantation forests (HTE) to supply wood pellets will likely lead to significant deforestation, contradicting Indonesia's climate commitments.

Trend Asia reports that PT PLN's plan for 10% biomass co-firing in 107 coal power plants could drive massive deforestation in Indonesia. The report estimates a need for up to 2.33 million hectares of energy wood plantations, which, based on historical trends, could result in the loss of over 1 million hectares of natural forest. It highlights contradictions in Indonesia's climate targets and argues that biomass is not a carbon-neutral energy source due to the resulting 'carbon debt'.

This report by Trend Asia challenges claims made by PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) regarding the effectiveness of biomass co-firing in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis suggests that the transition to biomass, particularly wood pellets, may actually increase total emissions due to deforestation and the carbon debt created by replacing natural forests with energy plantations.

This research paper by Trend Asia critiques the Indonesian state electricity company's (PT PLN) claim that biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The author argues that the strategy increases overall emissions due to deforestation required for energy timber plantations and fails to reduce actual coal consumption.

This report details the final Governance Learning Workshop of the Climate Adaptation and Water Governance (CADWAGO) project, held from 14-16 October 2015 in Sassari, Italy. The event brought together 35 researchers and practitioners from Europe, Australasia, and North America to discuss transforming water governance in the context of climate change. The workshop featured presentations on systemic governance praxis, a field visit to the Arborea dairy district in Sardinia, and a traditional conflict resolution simulation called 'La Rasgioni'.

This document consists of the annexes to a July 2014 report by the Indonesian Ministry of Finance and the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). It provides detailed data on the use of public climate finance in Indonesia for 2011, including budget expenditure tables, definitions of climate finance by sector, a comparison of budget line markings, a list of relevant laws and regulations, and a review of climate-related activities by state-owned enterprises (SOEs).

This fact sheet by Friends of the Earth International examines the financial backers of Wilmar International and contrasts the company's corporate social responsibility claims with reports of environmental destruction and human rights violations in Indonesia, Nigeria, and Uganda.

The Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) and Accountability Counsel submitted comments on the World Bank Group's draft Framework for Engagement in the Palm Oil Sector, arguing that the proposed strategy is insufficient to prevent systemic harm to people and the environment. The organizations call for a continued moratorium on palm oil lending and the closure of loopholes regarding Financial Intermediaries (FIs) and Advisory Services.

Losing Ground is a 2008 report by Friends of the Earth, LifeMosaic, and Sawit Watch detailing the human rights violations associated with the expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. The report argues that the industry's growth, driven in part by European biofuel targets, leads to widespread land dispossession, environmental degradation, and the erosion of indigenous cultures.

This research paper examines the early implementation of decentralization laws in Indonesia, specifically Law No. 22/1999 and Law 25/1999, and their impact on the forestry sector. It analyzes how the shift of power from the central government to districts has led to the emergence of 'district timber regimes' focused on revenue generation, often at the expense of forest conservation and sustainable management.

This report evaluates the integration of REDD+ objectives into Indonesia's national development planning and the extent to which its legal and institutional reforms have improved the governance of land-based sectors. It highlights a gap between high-level climate policies and sector-specific development plans, noting that while REDD+ has catalyzed tools like the One Map Initiative and the Integrated Licensing System, institutional challenges persist due to the use of ad-hoc agencies.

This briefing note by the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the impact of fossil-fuel subsidy reforms on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. It argues that while SMEs are generally less energy-intensive than large enterprises, they are more vulnerable to price shocks due to lower coping capacities and a heavy reliance on low-income consumers who are most affected by fuel-driven inflation.

This fact sheet from the CADWAGO project discusses the conceptual framework for addressing water dilemmas, emphasizing the need to reconcile both conflicting interests and competing claims over agency (position dilemmas) in water governance, particularly under the uncertainties of climate change.

This report by Trend Asia examines the implementation of biomass co-firing in Indonesia's coal-firing power plants (PLTU), arguing that the energy transition is being 'hijacked' by powerful conglomerates and politically connected elites. The document details how these actors utilize energy wood plantations (HTE) to profit from government incentives while causing deforestation and land conflicts with indigenous and local communities.

This guide by Trend Asia encourages public action and advocacy to address the climate crisis in Indonesia. It criticizes the government's continued reliance on coal, the use of biomass co-firing as 'greenwashing', and the environmental damage caused by nickel mining for the energy transition. The document advocates for community-based renewable energy and provides practical steps for individuals to reduce their carbon footprint and engage in collective political pressure.