Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia

This briefing by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) examines the growth of 'captive' coal-fired power plants in Indonesia—off-grid facilities operated by industrial users. It highlights a significant increase in captive capacity, particularly to power metal smelters for nickel and aluminium, which contradicts Indonesia's climate commitments and the goals of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP).

• Captive coal power capacity in Indonesia grew nearly eightfold over a decade, increasing from 1.4 GW in 2013 to 10.8 GW in 2023. This expansion rate is nearly five times faster than in any other country globally.
• As of July 2023, captive use accounts for nearly 25% of all operating coal power capacity in Indonesia. Furthermore, more than half of the proposed additional coal capacity (including announced, pre-permitted, and suspended projects) is intended for captive needs, with 14.4 GW currently proposed or under construction.
• The metal industry is the primary driver of captive coal power. Approximately 76% (8,214 MW) of operational captive capacity is dedicated to metal industries, with 67% (7,273 MW) specifically powering nickel smelters. Planned capacity also prioritizes metals, with 9.8 GW earmarked for nickel and 3.2 GW for aluminium smelters.
• Indonesia's industrial policy, specifically the National Industrial Development Master Plan (RIPIN) 2015-2035, encourages the development of coal power plants if they increase the 'added value' of natural resources through metal processing.
• There is a policy gap regarding climate commitments: while Indonesia aims for Net Zero Emissions by 2060, it lacks a clear plan to phase out captive coal plants. Current regulations still allow new coal plants for integrated industries if they commit to a 35% emission reduction within ten years of operation and cease operations by 2050.
• The failure to include captive coal plants in national phase-out plans poses severe health and economic risks. Captive power is responsible for one-fifth of the health impacts of coal power in Indonesia; excluding them from retirement plans could result in 27,000 air pollution-related deaths and an economic burden of Rp330 trillion (USD 20 billion).

APA

Parapat, J., & Hasan, K. (2023). Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia. Global Energy Monitor. https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf

Chicago

Parapat, Jobit, and Katherine Hasan. Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia. Global Energy Monitor, 2023. https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Parapat |first1=Jobit |last2=Hasan |first2=Katherine |title=Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia |publisher=Global Energy Monitor |date=20 September 2023 |url=https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{parapat2023berkembangnya, author = {Parapat, Jobit and Hasan, Katherine}, title = {{Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia}}, institution = {Global Energy Monitor}, year = {2023}, month = sep, url = {https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }