Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia

The document highlights a surge in 'captive' coal power—plants operated off-grid by industrial users—which grew from 1.4 GW in 2013 to 10.8 GW in 2023. A vast majority of this capacity is dedicated to metal smelting, particularly nickel and aluminium, often justified by policies to increase the 'value add' of natural resources. The report warns that while Indonesia is a key supplier of minerals for the global energy transition, the reliance of these smelters on coal contradicts national climate targets and the goals of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). It recommends integrating the phase-out of captive coal power into national plans to avoid significant health costs and carbon emissions.

• Captive coal power capacity in Indonesia experienced a dramatic increase from 1.4 GW in 2013 to 10.8 GW in 2023, representing a growth of nearly eight times in one decade.
• As of July 2023, captive coal power accounts for nearly 25% of all operating coal plant capacity in Indonesia, with 14.4 GW of additional capacity either proposed or under construction.
• The metal industry is the primary driver of captive coal power; 76% (8,214 MW) of operational captive capacity is dedicated to metal industries, with 67% (7,273 MW) specifically powering nickel smelters.
• Indonesia's industrial policy, specifically the National Industrial Development Master Plan (RIPIN) 2015-2035, allows the development of coal plants if they increase the 'value add' of natural resources, which has facilitated the growth of coal-powered smelters in 13 provinces.
• The expansion of coal power has outpaced the addition of renewable energy, threatening Indonesia's goal to peak emissions by 2030 and its commitments under the USD 20 billion Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP).
• Excluding captive coal plants from national retirement plans could result in 27,000 deaths from air pollution and an economic burden of Rp330 trillion (USD 20 billion) due to health impacts.

APA

Parapat, J., & Hasan, K. (2023). Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia. Global Energy Monitor. https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf

Chicago

Parapat, Jobit, and Katherine Hasan. Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia. Global Energy Monitor, 2023. https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Parapat |first1=Jobit |last2=Hasan |first2=Katherine |title=Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia |publisher=Global Energy Monitor |date=20 September 2023 |url=https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{parapat2023berkembangnya, author = {Parapat, Jobit and Hasan, Katherine}, title = {{Berkembangnya captive coal power: Awan gelap di cakrawala energi bersih Indonesia}}, institution = {Global Energy Monitor}, year = {2023}, month = sep, url = {https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_Indonesia-Captive_ID_2023_11.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }