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The report 'Boom & Bust Coal 2026' analyzes the global state of coal-fired power plants in 2025, highlighting a paradox where global capacity is increasing while actual electricity production from coal is declining. It focuses heavily on the roles of China and India as the primary drivers of new capacity, the shift of coal to a 'system insurance' role, and a detailed critique of Indonesia's regulatory contradictions and the rise of captive coal plants for mineral processing.

The report 'Boom & Bust Coal 2026' bySS analyzes global coal power trends in 2025, highlighting a growing gap where coal capacity is increasing while actual electricity production isS is declining. This trend is most prominent in China and India, where coal plants are increasingly used as 'system insurance' to support the integration of renewables. While the number of countries pursuing new coal projects is decreasing, Indonesia remains a significant outlier, expanding coal capacity primarily through 'captive' power plants for mineral processing (nickel and aluminum) and facing regulatory contradictions between its climate commitments and energy planning documents.

This briefing by Zero Carbon Analytics explains the mechanisms of El Niño, its interaction with climate change, and its global socio-economic and environmental impacts. It highlights a 61% chance of an El Niño event emerging between May and July 2026, noting that human-caused warming is likely increasing the frequency and severity of such events, while simultaneously making them harder to predict.

This report by Trend Asia examines the social and environmental risks associated with geothermal energy expansion in Indonesia. While promoted by international financial institutions as a low-carbon climate solution, the document argues that current funding models prioritize corporate financial risk over the resulting water scarcity, pollution, and human rights violations affecting local and indigenous communities.

This report by Trend Asia examines the socio-environmental impacts of geothermal energy expansion in Indonesia, arguing that financial models supported by international financial institutions (IFIs) like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB) prioritize corporate de-risking over the rights and livelihoods of local and Indigenous communities.

The report examines the different market mechanisms and regulatory paths Viet Nam, the Philippines, and Indonesia are using to attract private investment for clean energy while balancing energy security and affordability.

The Indonesian government is implementing a series of incentives to accelerate electric vehicle (EV) adoption and establish a domestic manufacturing hub, leveraging its position as the world's largest nickel reserve holder. While these policies have successfully increased EV sales and attracted foreign brands like BYD, they have created market imbalances and conflicting incentives that may undermine long-term goals of local technology transfer and supply chain development.

Indonesia's power sector remains dominated by coal, with emissions rising significantly over the last decade. While the government is revising its National Energy Policy, potentially lowering renewable targets for 2025, the report argues that expanding clean energy—particularly in coal-producing regions like East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and South Sumatra—can drive economic growth, create up to 96,000 high-skilled jobs, and attract $9.4 billion in investment, thereby ensuring a more equitable energy transition.

This report by Ember analyzes Indonesia's energy transition, focusing on the RUPTL 2021-2030 and the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). It argues that increasing renewable energy ambition, particularly in coal-producing regions, can drive economic growth, create high-skilled jobs, and reduce reliance on fossil fuels while ensuring a just transition for affected communities.

A report by Inclusive Development International and partners alleging that a $600 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to Indonesia's state-run utility PLN may be fueling coal expansion, specifically the Java 9 & 10 project, despite the bank's public commitments to climate finance and a 'no-new-coal' policy.

Trend Asia provides a critical analysis of the fourth vice-presidential debate of the 2024 Indonesian election, arguing that the candidates' commitments to energy transition are counterproductive and lack necessary legal and socio-economic safeguards for communities and the environment.

This briefing by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) and Global Energy Monitor (GEM) examines the growth of 'captive' coal-fired power plants in Indonesia—off-grid stations operated by industrial actors. The report highlights a significant increase in captive coal capacity, primarily driven by the metal smelting industry, and argues that this trend threatens Indonesia's national climate commitments and the goals of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP).

This briefing by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) examines the growth of 'captive' coal-fired power plants in Indonesia—off-grid facilities operated by industrial users. It highlights a significant increase in captive capacity, particularly to power metal smelters for nickel and aluminium, which contradicts Indonesia's climate commitments and the goals of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP).

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the blue finance landscape in Indonesia between 2015 and 2019, focusing on the sources, instruments, and recipients of funding for the blue economy. It highlights the dominance of public international finance and commercial banks, while detailing the significant barriers faced by micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the fisheries sector, including collateral requirements and geographic disparities in loan distribution.

This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the feasibility of using municipal green bonds to support Indonesia's goal of achieving a 23% renewable energy contribution in its energy mix by 2025. While identifying a strong case for these instruments based on energy targets and the fiscal capacity of certain local governments, the paper highlights significant bureaucratic, regulatory, and market-driven barriers that have prevented their issuance to date.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the feasibility of using municipal green bonds to finance renewable energy in Indonesia. While the legal framework exists and several provincial governments possess the fiscal capacity to issue bonds, the market remains conservative. Key barriers include complex bureaucratic procedures, a lack of profitable project pipelines, and investor preference for high credit ratings and short tenors over environmental mandates. The report recommends simplifying issuance requirements, implementing consistent central government policies on renewable energy, and targeting quasi-government institutions as initial investors.

This policy briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines energy policy developments in Indonesia as of February 2021, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on macroeconomic indicators, fuel subsidies, the coal sector, and renewable energy progress.

This policy brief argues that Indonesia must implement effective fuel pricing mechanisms—such as smoothing, ratcheting, or price caps and floors—to complete its fuel subsidy reforms and avoid returning to expensive subsidy policies. While 2015 reforms saved over USD 15 billion by capping diesel subsidies and removing support for 'Premium' gasoline, subsidies persist. IISD recommends phasing out polluting fuels and redirecting funds toward low-emission infrastructure, renewable energy, and stricter emission standards to reduce social costs like air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

The report outlines Indonesia's ambition to develop USD 400 billion in infrastructure by 2019, highlighting a significant gap of USD 150 billion to be filled by private and international capital. It showcases a pipeline of 38 green projects for 2018-2019, primarily in renewable energy (geothermal, hydro) and low-carbon transport (rail, BRT). The document emphasizes the success of Indonesia's first sovereign green sukuk (USD 1.25 billion) and the government's policy reforms, such as the creation of PINA and BKPM, to attract sustainable finance. It also details Indonesia's climate goals, including a 29-41% GHG emission reduction by 2030 and a target for renewables to make up 23% of the energy mix by 2025.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) audits data on energy subsidies, energy use, and gender in Indonesia, specifically focusing on the reform of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consumer subsidies. It examines how the current subsidy regime fails to reach the poor and near-poor, particularly women, and analyzes the potential gender-differentiated impacts of removing these subsidies, such as increased health risks from indoor air pollution and economic vulnerability.