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The Carbon Rating Framework, developed by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), aims to integrate emissions performance into financial decision-making by assigning companies a rating from CR1 (lowest emissions) to CR10 (highest emissions). Phase 2 involved testing this framework on a sample of 50 companies, using a weighted average of current emission intensity (70%) and projected intensity (30%) normalized by revenue. The testing demonstrated the framework's ability to differentiate emissions across diverse sectors, though it highlighted limitations regarding the availability of projected emissions data and the volatility of revenue as a normalization metric. Future directions include integrating Scope 3 emissions, aligning with India's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), and utilizing sector-specific intensity metrics.

The G20 is assessed as an effective tool for short-term macroeconomic crisis response but a failure in delivering structural economic justice. While it mobilised trillions during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, it has consistently prioritised creditor interests and market stability over the needs of the Global South. The report highlights systemic failures in international financial architecture reform, sovereign debt restructuring, and climate finance, where funding remains insufficient and skewed toward profitable mitigation. However, recent Global South presidencies (Indonesia, India, Brazil, and South Africa) have successfully introduced new priorities, such as taxing the super-rich and the care economy. The authors recommend that the G20 redefine 'crisis' to include social and ecological threats and adopt justice-based metrics for success.

India has introduced the 2024 Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Greenwashing and Misleading Environmental Claims to protect consumers from deceptive environmental marketing. These guidelines, enforced by the Central Consumer Protection Agency, require businesses to substantiate claims with independent evidence and provide transparent disclosures. Complementing this is the updated Eco Mark certification, which labels products based on both environmental and quality standards. While large businesses welcome the move toward greater accountability, implementation challenges remain for SMEs and require increased public awareness and capacity building.

The document argues that online misogyny is a global challenge that fuels gender-based violence (GBV) and technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) while simultaneously harming boys and young men by promoting hypermasculinity and emotional restriction. It identifies algorithmic amplification, influencer economies, and regulatory gaps as key drivers. The brief recommends a coordinated strategy combining 'Safety by Design' in platform architecture, gender-transformative education, community-based interventions in sports and faith spaces, and sustainable funding for long-term behavioural change.

The report examines various global regulatory models for electricity revenue determination, including rate-of-return, incentive-based, performance-based, and market-based pricing. It details the technical process of Cost of Supply (CoS) studies—comprising functionalisation, classification, and allocation—and discusses the trade-offs between fixed and variable tariff charges. The document concludes that South Africa should move toward unbundled, cost-reflective tariffs supported by regular, audited CoS studies and a more robust, incentive-driven revenue determination methodology to support its transition to a wholesale market.

The document argues that the Southern African Development Community (SADC) can accelerate economic resilience and regional integration by transitioning from fragmented digital systems to a cohesive Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). While the region has strong foundations in payment systems like RTGS and TCIB, it faces systemic risks from a 'regulatory deficit', specifically the low adoption of the AU Malabo Convention. The authors propose a 'Triple-A' agenda: accelerate the federated e-Know Your Customer (e-KYC) framework to include 3.7 million cross-border nationals, anchor governance using 'techno-legal' safeguards inspired by India's DPI Sutras, and assert a unified global position via the African Digital Compact. The brief emphasizes that technical capacity is not the primary barrier; rather, policy fragmentation and the digital divide—particularly affecting rural populations and people with disabilities—must be addressed to achieve digital sovereignty.

Industrial decarbonisation is essential for the global energy transition, as the sector accounts for 37% of total final energy use and one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions. While advanced economies have decoupled growth from emissions, emerging economies are seeing surges due to the relocation of heavy industries. The paper highlights that for emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), the transition is a business opportunity to leapfrog to sustainable technologies, avoid stranded assets, and enhance competitiveness against mechanisms like the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). However, significant bottlenecks exist, including high capital costs and limited access to critical technologies like hydrogen-based steelmaking and carbon capture. The authors propose a global partnership framework based on four pillars: technology transfer, finance mobilisation, policy alignment, and capacity building, suggesting the Climate Club as a potential governance platform.

The document argues that Colombia's previous renewable energy auctions, which focused exclusively on price, led to social conflicts and project cancellations, particularly in La Guajira. It proposes a new framework incorporating non-price criteria—such as local employment, community benefit-sharing, and gender perspectives—into qualification and award processes. Additionally, it suggests creating a dedicated support agency and a 'joining process' (proceso de adhesión) to enable small-scale community energy projects (up to 5 MW) to access the market without competing directly with large developers.

The authors propose a 'strategic resilience' framework to elevate climate change adaptation from 'low politics' in environment ministries to the heart of government. Using a UK case study, the paper highlights the failure of traditional territorial adaptation to address cross-border risks—which propagate via trade, finance, people, and biophysical routes. It warns against the 'securitization' of adaptation by defence ministries and suggests three pathways for reform: empowering environment ministries, establishing central coordinators, or creating dedicated ministries of resilience.

The report finds that international reporting of military greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is generally poor, with significant under-reporting in data submitted to the UNFCCC. A comparison of five top military spenders showed that defence ministry reports for direct emissions were, on average, 95% higher than UNFCCC figures. The report highlights a critical lack of Scope 3 (supply-chain) reporting, noting that less than 10% of military carbon footprints typically appear in UNFCCC data. It identifies systemic loopholes in reporting guidelines and instances of 'greenwashing,' specifically by the UK military, and recommends mandatory, explicit military emissions reporting within National Inventory Reports.

The document asserts that diversifying export markets is essential for Canada's economic prosperity, particularly to reduce vulnerability to US trade decisions. It argues that because many lucrative global markets are rapidly implementing climate policies and energy transitions, Canadian firms need transition plans to maintain market access, attract capital, and avoid being outperformed by international competitors.

The We Mean Business Coalition asserts that the Paris Agreement has created a shared global framework that made climate policy investible, leading to a surge in clean energy investment and the growth of renewables. Despite progress, such as renewables supplying nearly a third of global electricity and clean-energy investment surpassing $2 trillion in 2024, the document warns that overall ambition remains insufficient. It calls for governments to redirect fossil-fuel subsidies toward clean investment, reform energy markets, and deliver more credible Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by COP30 to ensure a stable economic and climatic future.

The report finds that 27 countries have set national offshore wind targets, with global capacity projected to almost triple from 83 GW in 2024 to 238 GW by 2030. While targets have driven market growth, many countries are expected to miss their 2030 goals due to cost inflation, supply chain pressures, and permitting delays. The analysis highlights a significant gap between current projections and the 413 GW required by 2030 to align with the UAE consensus for tripling renewable capacity.

The document analyzes Nigeria's climate policy through four 'policy moments', highlighting a persistent struggle with institutional overlap and fragmented governance. It examines how internal competition between bodies like the National Council on Climate Change (NCCC) and the Office of the Special Presidential Envoy on Climate (OSPEC) dilutes Nigeria's international bargaining power. The paper also discusses the impact of global energy market shifts, the divestment of onshore assets by International Oil Companies (IOCs), and the challenges of removing fuel subsidies. It concludes that Nigeria must move away from transplanting foreign institutional models and instead develop a domestically driven, streamlined framework that integrates the petroleum sector into its climate goals.

Nigeria's climate agenda is hampered by overlapping institutions and a lack of elite consensus, which diminishes its bargaining power internationally. While the Tinubu administration has attempted to centralize governance through the Office of the Special Presidential Envoy on Climate (OSPEC) and the Presidential Climate Action Committee (PCAC), these moves risk further fragmentation by sidelining statutory bodies like the National Council on Climate Change (NCCC). Externally, Nigeria faces declining oil exports to China and India and increased competition from the US in European markets, intensifying the need for a successful energy transition. The report highlights a trend of International Oil Companies (IOCs) divesting from onshore assets due to regulatory instability, while noting that agile local firms are better positioned to navigate domestic complexities.

The document describes a high-intensity confrontation between India and Pakistan on May 10, which involved air incursions, missile strikes, and drone battles, nearly escalating to nuclear war. It argues that the reliance on tactical nuclear weapons acts as a critical accelerant in the rapid transition from limited conventional conflict to nuclear signaling.

India is generally on track to meet its NEP 2032 capacity mix, with solar, hydro, and coal well-positioned to reach targets. However, onshore wind additions must accelerate, and nuclear capacity is likely to fall short due to long lead times and a limited near-term pipeline. Battery and pumped hydro storage are expanding rapidly to support renewables integration.

India's coal fleet is shifting from baseload to flexible balancing to integrate rising solar and wind energy. By FY 2031–32, coal plants will need to operate closer to their technical minimums, with a projected average plant load factor (PLF) drop from 69% to 55%. This transition will disproportionately impact high-cost, less efficient units, suggesting that the 35 GW of coal capacity currently under construction is sufficient for supply security without further additions.

The report analyzes the rising effective costs of coal power in India due to underutilisation, which is expected to increase average tariffs by roughly 25% as PLFs fall. It highlights that fixed costs drive 85% of this increase, making new coal capacity economically inferior to Firm and Dispatchable Renewable Energy (FDRE). The author concludes that India's 2032 power goals can be met with the ~35 GW of coal already in the pipeline, rendering further expansion unnecessary and financially risky for distribution companies (DISCOMs).

The document outlines strategies for India's power sector transition, emphasizing the need to improve coal plant flexibility, reform power purchase agreements, and scale up energy storage to manage solar integration and grid reliability.