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The report argues that G7 economies face significant economic risks due to the interconnectedness of global supply chains, where climate-driven disruptions in production hubs—particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America—transmit shocks to industrialised nations. It cites examples such as the 2011 Thailand floods and recent flooding in Durban, South Africa, to illustrate how extreme weather causes global price spikes and production delays. Specific analyses for the US, Germany, UK, and Japan reveal vulnerabilities in sectors ranging from ICT and automotive manufacturing to food security. The document concludes that because labour cost differentials continue to drive the offshoring of production, G7 nations must cooperate globally and fulfill adaptation funding commitments to secure their own supply chains.

This document is a list of participants for the 53rd Meeting of the Executive Council to the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, held on 14 June 2022 in Montevideo and via videoconference.

The document denounces the June 2022 assassinations of indigenist activist Bruno Araújo Pereira and journalist Dom Phillips in Brazil's Vale do Javari. It attributes the worsening violence against Indigenous Peoples to the government of Jair Bolsonaro and the management of the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI). The organization demands transparent investigations into the murders and the protection of Indigenous territories from illegal loggers, miners, and drug traffickers.

Friends of the Earth International condemns the June 2022 murders of Bruno Araújo Pereira and Dom Phillips in the Vale do Javari indigenous territory. The organization links these killings to a broader pattern of systemic violence against indigenous peoples and land defenders under the government of Jair Bolsonaro, exacerbated by illegal logging, mining, and drug trafficking. It calls for transparent investigations into the perpetrators and the protection of indigenous land rights and self-determination.

The briefing analyzes the impact of the Financial Compensation for the Exploration of Mineral Resources (CFEM) in Pará, Brazil. It finds that mining royalties do not foster economic growth or improve local welfare, as funds are frequently diverted to wages and pensions despite regulations. The authors recommend stricter spending limits and the creation of financial instruments to manage revenue volatility.

The report highlights a paradox in the Legal Amazon: while the region hosts Brazil's largest hydroelectric plants and generates over 25.7% of national electricity, approximately four million of its residents lack access to the National Interconnected System (SIN). Around three million people rely on isolated systems, 97% of which are powered by expensive and polluting diesel fuel, while nearly one million people have no reliable public energy access at all. These isolated systems are heavily subsidized by the Fuel Consumption Fund (CCC), which reached an estimated value of over R$ 10 billion in 2022. The document finds that municipalities with isolated systems consistently perform worse across key socioeconomic indicators, including the Human Development Index and GDP per capita, compared to connected municipalities. To address this, the report recommends modifying auction rules to make renewables more competitive, incentivizing decentralized solar power, and improving the 'More Light for the Amazon' program through better oversight and community involvement.

The 1972 Stockholm Conference established the foundation for modern environmental diplomacy by linking environment and development. Its legacies include the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the catalyst for numerous multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) such as the Montreal Protocol and the Rio Conventions, and the introduction of legal principles like the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle. While it expanded participation to include NGOs and Indigenous Peoples, the document notes that implementation of these frameworks lags behind the accelerating 'triple planetary crisis' of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.

The document argues that the short-term debt market, valued at USD55tn, is an underutilised source of green capital. It recommends that short-term debt be labelled green and integrated into thematic investment strategies, provided it aligns with the Climate Bonds Standard or EU Taxonomy. The paper outlines various eligible instruments—including Commercial Paper, Revolving Credit Facilities, and Green Repos—and emphasises the need for a 'pure-play' entity definition to facilitate certification for general corporate funding.

The ASEAN+3 sustainable debt market reached USD 449 billion by Q3 2021, driven largely by the People's Republic of China, Japan, and Hong Kong, China. While green bonds remain dominant, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the issuance of social and sustainability-labeled instruments. Local currency (LCY) issuance represents 64% of the region's total sustainable debt, though this is unevenly distributed; Thailand has the highest LCY share at 98.5%, while Viet Nam and Indonesia rely heavily on foreign currencies. The report identifies barriers such as lack of market awareness, high transaction costs for small deals, and a shortage of bankable green projects. It recommends increasing sovereign GSS bond issuance, expanding the investor base through ETFs and indices, and establishing centralized sustainable finance platforms to improve project visibility.

The document addresses industry resistance to the proposed EU deforestation regulation, specifically the 'Geolocation Requirement' which mandates that operators collect latitude and longitude coordinates for all plots of land where covered products (cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, soy, and wood) were produced. ClientEarth argues that traceability is indispensable for ensuring products are 'deforestation-free' and produced legally. It refutes claims that the regulation mandates specific supply chain models like 'identity preserved' or 'segregated' chains, clarifying that mixed-origin supply chains remain permissible as long as they are traceable. The briefing also contends that geolocation requirements will not necessarily exclude smallholders, noting that many in the cocoa and palm oil sectors already support transparency to improve their market position. Furthermore, it argues that compliance costs are likely to be negligible when implemented at scale and that voluntary certification schemes, while useful tools, cannot serve as automatic evidence of compliance due to documented shortcomings in governance and reliability.

The briefing outlines the political and structural challenges Brazil faces in achieving net-zero emissions, focusing on land use, agriculture, transport, carbon markets, waste management, and industry. It argues that climate policies must be aligned with national development and income generation to overcome weak governance and industry opposition. The report highlights specific opportunities for international funding, such as supporting biomethane, nature-based solutions in carbon markets, and technology transfer for industrial decarbonization and waste sorting.

The document examines the high socio-environmental costs of logistics infrastructure in the Legal Amazon, such as deforestation and carbon emissions. It proposes replacing inconsistent geographic-based delimitation of a project's 'area of influence' with a 'market access approach' based on international trade literature. Using the BR-319 highway as a case study, the report demonstrates how this method more accurately identifies affected populations and environmental risks, including impacts on 49 indigenous territories and 49 conservation units. It concludes with policy recommendations for the Brazilian Ministry of Infrastructure to mandate early risk assessments and transparent, public-domain methodologies for delimiting influence areas.

The document examines the potential of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve economic accessibility in the Legal Amazon. It reviews global evidence showing that mobile and broadband services increase productivity, employment, and market access in developing regions. In the Legal Amazon, the brief identifies significant gaps in 3G/4G mobile internet access in rural areas and broadband access in both urban and rural sectors compared to the rest of Brazil, recommending targeted infrastructure investments to overcome these barriers.

The report defines financial aggregation as the use of instruments to combine multiple investments, projects, or participants to scale urban climate finance. It identifies key barriers to city-level investment, such as poor municipal creditworthiness and high upfront costs, and proposes supply-side aggregation (combining investor commitments) and demand-side aggregation (pooling project needs) as solutions. The document provides case studies from Africa, Asia, and South America, and emphasizes that these tools require a supportive 'enabling environment' characterized by fiscal autonomy and technical capacity.

The report examines the regulatory gap between industrial mining and 'garimpeiro' (artisanal) mining in Brazil, specifically focusing on how cooperatives exploit legal protections meant for low-income individuals. It argues that Presidential Decrees 10,965/2022 and 10,966/2022 further incentivize this by simplifying licensing and providing support programs for small-scale mining without restricting the size or nature of the activity. Data shows that some garimpeiro cooperatives in the Amazon hold larger active mining areas than the industrial giant Vale, suggesting that these entities operate at an industrial scale while avoiding the strict preliminary research and environmental requirements of mining concessions.

The report highlights a critical gap in the state of Pará, Brazil, where infrastructure planning prioritizes large-scale projects like roads and railroads over essential local services. Using high-resolution data, the authors demonstrate that access to sanitation, healthcare, education, and digital connectivity is extremely low and unequally distributed, with residents in the areas of influence of large projects often facing worse conditions than the state average. The report suggests using compensation payments from large-scale projects to fund these essential local infrastructure gaps.

The document analyzes the energy landscape of the Legal Amazon, highlighting the disparity between the region's role as a major energy exporter via the National Interconnected System (SIN) and the internal reality of 4 million people disconnected from it. It examines 'Sistemas Isolados' (Isolated Systems) and populations without any electricity access, linking these energy deficits to poor socioeconomic indicators. The report criticizes the current auction model for isolated systems for favoring diesel over renewables and evaluates the 'Mais Luz para a Amazônia' program, providing recommendations for a transition toward decentralized solar energy and improved regulatory frameworks.

The document critiques the 'net zero' framework, asserting that it relies on the scientifically flawed assumption that ongoing fossil fuel emissions can be offset by carbon removals. It specifically analyzes how initiatives like ART-TREES and the Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM) attempt to standardize and merge different types of carbon credits—avoided emissions, reduced emissions, and removals—into single, fungible assets to increase market scale. The report warns that this 'house of cards' encourages continued fossil fuel use, risks creating a 'subprime carbon' financial crisis through derivatives and speculation, and threatens the rights of Indigenous peoples through land grabbing for nature-based solutions.

The report critiques the 'net zero' framework and the expansion of carbon offset markets, asserting that they create a false equivalence between carbon removals and avoided emissions. It argues that these mechanisms serve as a 'house of cards' designed to protect stranded fossil fuel assets by providing a veneer of climate action while allowing ongoing emissions. The document specifically highlights the efforts of the Task Force on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM) and the Architecture for REDD+ Transactions (ART-TREES) to standardize and commodify different types of carbon credits to increase market volume. It concludes that the only viable path to limiting warming to 1.5°C is a rapid, just transition to renewable energy and the immediate phase-out of fossil fuels, rather than reliance on speculative carbon removal technologies or flawed offsetting schemes.

The document critiques the 'fossil bet on the future,' claiming that carbon offsets and net-zero goals serve as a 'house of cards' to maintain fossil fuel dependence. It specifically targets the amalgamation of carbon capture, emission reductions, and avoided emissions into single, fungible credit units, arguing that such mechanisms do not actually reduce atmospheric CO2 and may lead to increased warming. The report highlights the role of the Task Force on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM) and ART-TREES in standardizing these credits to facilitate financial speculation and the 're-floating' of stranded assets.