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This research paper identifies the essential elements for enhancing technology transfer and development and evaluates the institutional approaches proposed in major country positions.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute examines the development of sustainable national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory systems in non-Annex I countries, identifying seven emerging good practices based on case studies from Brazil, Colombia, India, Mexico, and South Africa.

This working paper summarizes three regional workshops held in 2012 and 2013 in Jakarta, Nairobi, and Bogota. It identifies technical, policy, and capacity challenges that developing countries face when monitoring climate finance and provides recommendations for improving the tracking of these flows to ensure better national planning and UNFCCC compliance.

This technical note describes the World Resources Institute's (WRI) Climate Finance Calculator, a tool designed to determine countries' international climate finance contributions based on their economic capacity to pay and their emissions-based climate responsibility.

This research paper analyzes trade, human rights, and environmental regimes, including the Montreal Protocol, to identify lessons on equity that can inform the 2015 international climate agreement under the UNFCCC. It argues that equity is essential for achieving consensus and should be addressed through both the differentiation of commitments and the design of supporting institutions and procedures.

This research paper analyzes quantitative scenarios to determine which combinations of public and private finance sources could enable developed countries to meet the $100 billion annual climate finance goal by 2020, as committed during the 2009 Copenhagen UNFCCC meeting.

This working paper, produced by the World Resources Institute (WRI) in collaboration with the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), proposes a framework for classifying climate finance to help parties to the UNFCCC understand progress toward the $100 billion climate finance commitment.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute provides recommendations for harmonizing accounting rules for Annex I (developed country) emissions reduction pledges within the UNFCCC's AWG-LCA negotiations track for post-2012 climate policy.

This report by the World Resources Institute analyzes the legitimacy of climate finance institutions, focusing on the redistribution of power, responsibility, and accountability between developed contributor countries and developing recipient countries. It argues that for climate finance to be effective and legitimate, existing institutions must be reformed and new mechanisms created to enhance recipient country ownership and national capacity.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute examines the Bali Action Plan (BAP) and the necessity of a robust measurable, reportable, and verifiable (MRV) framework to facilitate a post-2012 global climate agreement.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute examines the institutional architecture for capacity building under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It argues that current efforts are too ad hoc and project-based, leaving developing countries with significant gaps in long-term organizational and institutional capacity. The authors propose that the post-2020 climate regime (specifically the Paris Agreement) should establish a formal 'capacity-building mechanism' and a long-term objective to ensure coherence, coordination, and sustained delivery of climate action capabilities.

This issue brief by the World Resources Institute provides recommendations for improving the reporting and compilation of public climate finance data to ensure transparency, accuracy, and comparability among UNFCCC Parties.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute examines methods to improve the implementation of the Paris Agreement by analyzing 30 years of experience under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute evaluates the transparency of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions targets in the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of eight major emitting economies. Using the 'Open Book' framework, the paper identifies transparency gaps that hinder the assessment of national and global ambition, particularly regarding land-sector accounting and market mechanisms. It provides estimated emissions trajectories through 2030 to quantify uncertainties resulting from these gaps and offers recommendations for governments and UNFCCC negotiators to improve reporting clarity.

This World Resources Institute working paper aims to inform the identification of information requirements for intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) to ensure clarity, transparency, and understanding for the post-2020 international agreement being negotiated by UNFCCC Parties.

This guide by the World Resources Institute provides technical and process-related instructions for countries preparing their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for the post-2020 period, following requests from countries during Regional Technical Dialogues convened by the UNDP and UNFCCC in 2014-2015.

This working paper by the Project for Advancing Climate Transparency (PACT) consortium examines the reporting requirements of the Paris Agreement, focusing on the five streams of information to be reported, including what, how, and when information is submitted.

This working paper from the Project for Advancing Climate Transparency examines the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, focusing on the capacity-building support required for developing countries to meet more stringent reporting requirements.

This briefing by the World Resources Institute (WRI) argues that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) must account for the non-carbon biophysical effects of forests to effectively address climate stability. The authors explain how forests influence temperature and rainfall through albedo, evapotranspiration, surface roughness, and aerosols, noting that tropical deforestation contributes significantly more to global warming than carbon-only metrics suggest. The document proposes six specific pathways for UNFCCC Parties to integrate these biophysical impacts into national reporting, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), REDD+ finance, adaptation planning, the Global Stocktake, and the IPCC's 7th Assessment Report cycle.

This briefing by the World Resources Institute explains how forests influence the climate through non-carbon biophysical processes and argues that the UNFCCC should integrate these effects into its policies, reporting, and financing to better support climate mitigation and adaptation.