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Dr. Daniel A. Reifsnyder, former Co-Chair of the Ad Hoc Group on the Durban Platform (ADP), describes the negotiating process and key features of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. He details the transition from the 2012 Durban decision to the final adoption of the agreement on December 12, 2015, emphasizing the importance of a "Party-driven" process and the role of the October 5 non-paper as a template for the final deal.

This research paper outlines methods and options for assessing the ambition of mitigation commitments, specifically focusing on Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and their integration into the UNFCCC process.

This research paper by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) analyzes the use of fiscal instruments within Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted to the UNFCCC by November 20, 2015. The review identifies trends in how countries employ fossil fuel subsidy reform (FFSR), clean energy subsidies, and carbon pricing to support low-carbon development and GHG mitigation.

This report examines the concept of a "fair share" for emissions in 2025 and 2030, assessing the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of ten selected countries against various effort sharing models and fair share approaches.

This technical annex assesses progress toward Goal 7 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which aims to include forest-related mitigation measures in a post-2020 global climate agreement. As of November 2015, the report finds that while the REDD+ methodological framework is largely complete, the final text of the Paris Agreement remains under negotiation, and the extent to which land-use sectors are integrated into national commitments (INDCs) varies significantly across countries.

This 2015 briefing note by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) outlines key issues and priorities for the Pan-African Parliament (PAP) ahead of the COP 21 climate conference in Paris. It emphasizes the need for an ambitious, legally binding agreement that addresses the specific vulnerabilities of Africa, ensures equity through the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle, and closes significant financial and ambition gaps to limit global warming.

This synthesis note summarizes a September 2014 practitioners' workshop focused on the design, reporting, and evaluation of Intended Nationally Determined Mitigation Contributions (INDCs) for the post-2020 climate agreement. The discussions centered on aligning national pledges with global temperature targets, integrating equity and effort-sharing, and establishing transparency standards for reporting.

This report by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) provides a high-level snapshot of the mitigation landscapes in 14 priority partner countries and regions to inform the development of intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) for COP21. It analyzes national legislation, emission targets, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), and donor-funded projects, highlighting the diversity in ambition and capacity across developing nations.

This fact sheet by Friends of the Earth International explains the concept of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) in the context of the UN climate negotiations in Paris. It criticizes the current system of self-proposed national plans and advocates for a 'fair share' approach based on a global carbon budget to ensure the temperature increase is limited to 1.5°C.

This fact sheet by Friends of the Earth International explains the concept of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) in the lead-up to the Paris agreement and advocates for a 'fair shares' approach based on a global carbon budget to effectively limit global warming to 1.5°C.

This fact sheet describes the methodology and assumptions used to estimate the average annual greenhouse gas (GHG) decarbonization rates from 2020 to 2030 for Canada, the EU-28, Japan, and the United States, based on their pre-2020 pledges and Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).

This research paper by the World Resources Institute evaluates the transparency of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions targets in the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of eight major emitting economies. Using the 'Open Book' framework, the paper identifies transparency gaps that hinder the assessment of national and global ambition, particularly regarding land-sector accounting and market mechanisms. It provides estimated emissions trajectories through 2030 to quantify uncertainties resulting from these gaps and offers recommendations for governments and UNFCCC negotiators to improve reporting clarity.