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The document presents evidence for global warming, citing a 1.5 degree Fahrenheit increase in global average temperature since 1880 and a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration from 280ppm in 1880 to 399ppm in 2014. It identifies fossil fuels as the primary cause and references the National Climate Assessment and IPCC for projections on sea level rise and future temperature increases under scenarios of continued CO2 emissions.

Investors and the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) have formally requested that Chevron Corporation improve its public disclosures regarding the physical risks climate change poses to its coastal refineries. The authors argue that Chevron's SEC Form 10-K filings fail to address material risks such as sea level rise and enhanced storm surges, despite the vulnerability of specific sites like the Pascagoula, Mississippi and Kapolei, Hawaii refineries. They highlight that the 2005 damage to the Pascagoula refinery from Hurricane Katrina demonstrates the potential for material impacts on production and cash flows.

A letter from investors and the Union of Concerned Scientists to Exxon Mobil requesting disclosure of physical climate risks to coastal refineries, citing SEC guidance and the vulnerability of specific Texas and Louisiana facilities to sea level rise and storm surges.

Investors and the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) are calling on Marathon Petroleum to improve its public disclosures regarding the physical risks of climate change. They argue that the company's SEC Form 10-K filings fail to address the vulnerability of coastal refineries to sea level rise and storm surges, despite evidence of past disruptions and scientific projections for the Gulf of Mexico.

The letter expresses concern over Phillips 66's limited disclosure of physical climate risks in its SEC Form 10-K filings, specifically highlighting the vulnerability of the Bayway refinery in New Jersey to sea level rise and storm surges.

A letter from investors and the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) to Valero Energy Corporation requesting the disclosure of physical climate risks at its coastal refineries. The authors argue that Valero has failed to report material risks related to sea level rise and storm surge in its SEC Form 10-K filings, despite the vulnerability of facilities in Texas and Louisiana and previous disclosures made by the former owner of the Meraux refinery.

The document positions climate change as a major human rights challenge, noting that environmental degradation threatens fundamental rights such as life, health, and food security. It criticizes the UNFCCC for failing to operationalize human rights protections despite recognizing them in 2010. The authors propose a human-rights-based approach to climate action, emphasizing the need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, provide compensation for loss and damage, and establish institutional safeguards, including a formal complaints mechanism and a dedicated work program on human rights and climate change.

The report analyzes flood and nutrient risks in Kristianstad, Sweden, finding that current flood risk management is too narrowly focused on urban flood control via embankments and pumps, neglecting river basin-wide abatement and resilience. It identifies a lack of cross-sectoral integration between urban planning, agriculture, and forestry, and notes that governance structures for water quantity are fragmented compared to those for water quality. The author argues for a shift toward 'adaptive river management'—living with floods—to better address climate change and sea-level rise.

The document outlines the technical approach used by the Union of Concerned Scientists to analyze climate risks at specific refineries owned by Valero, Phillips 66, Exxon Mobil, Marathon Petroleum, and Chevron. It details the data sources for refinery capacity and boundaries, the sea level rise projections based on the IPCC's RCP 4.5 scenario, and the use of the National Weather Service's SLOSH model to simulate storm surge from Category 1–5 hurricanes. Additionally, it explains the criteria used to score company disclosures of physical climate risks based on SEC filings and Ceres methodology.

The report examines the vulnerability of U.S. coastal oil refineries to sea level rise and storm surge, focusing on five major companies: Valero, Phillips 66, Exxon Mobil, Marathon Petroleum, and Chevron. It argues that these companies fail to adequately disclose material physical climate risks to the SEC, despite guidance issued in 2010. The analysis uses SLOSH MOM modeling to demonstrate that current and future sea level rise increases the likelihood of facility inundation and operational disruptions. The report highlights the resulting financial risks for investors and the environmental and health risks for neighboring communities, particularly those in the Gulf Coast region.

The World Resources Institute (WRI) responds to the 2015 State of the Union address by endorsing President Obama's science-based approach to climate change. WRI highlights the administration's recent achievements, including a joint emissions commitment with China and a $3 billion pledge to the Green Climate Fund, while urging a continued focus on ambitious power plant standards and renewable energy to drive economic growth and global cooperation.

The 2024 data for Alabama indicates that while a majority of residents (62%) believe global warming is occurring, there is a split in perception regarding its cause, with 51% attributing it to human activities. Support for clean energy transitions and renewable energy research is notable, with 57% supporting a transition to 100% clean energy by 2050 and 72% supporting renewable energy research. Risk perceptions are significant, as 54% of residents are worried about global warming and 61% believe it will harm future generations and animal species.

A pilot study in Accra and Maputo found that future climate information is not directly used in city planning, as socioeconomic vulnerabilities and governance issues currently outweigh climate concerns. The authors propose a 'co-exploration' approach that prioritises non-climatic stressors before integrating climate data to avoid over-weighting climate sensitivity in decision-making. Key barriers to science uptake include sparse and unverified historical observational data. Proposed adaptation options for both cities include upgrading drainage systems and improving urban planning and building code enforcement.

The document highlights the vulnerability of sub-Saharan African port infrastructure to climate hazards such as sea level rise, storm surges, and extreme rainfall. It notes that while the industry is aware of climate change, this awareness is rarely translated into practical planning. The brief recommends establishing a close dialogue between climate scientists and port practitioners, reviewing port master plans, and providing designers with simple, quantified projections of climate variables to improve long-term resilience.

The strategy assesses the vulnerability of Estonia's energy and infrastructure systems to climate change, identifying the electricity distribution network and small ports as particularly susceptible. It outlines a comprehensive set of adaptation measures across technical support systems, buildings, transport, and energy resources, with an estimated total implementation cost of approximately 1.3 billion EUR for the 2017–2030 period. The plan emphasizes increasing energy independence through domestic renewable sources and improving the resilience of buildings and transport networks to temperature extremes and flooding.

Since the 1950s, Vietnam lost over 80% of its mangroves due to war-time defoliants and post-war aquaculture expansion. Restoration efforts since 2001 have added a net 18,000 hectares. In northern Vietnam, restoration focused on disaster risk reduction through top-down, monoculture plantations that protected sea dikes. In southern Vietnam, a bottom-up approach integrated poverty alleviation and livelihood diversification, utilizing species-rich plantations and land-use leases for households. While economically beneficial—with some mangrove areas generating more value than aquaculture—sustainability is threatened by declining incentives in the north, tenure conflicts, and overlapping regulatory mandates for payments for ecosystem services (PES).

The Living Blue Planet Report 2015 documents a 49% decline in global marine vertebrate populations between 1970 and 2012. It highlights critical losses in key habitats, including over half of reef-building corals in tropical reefs over 30 years and nearly 20% of mangrove cover between 1980 and 2005. The report identifies overfishing, climate change, pollution, and extractive industries as primary drivers of this degradation. It emphasizes the socio-economic risks, noting that nearly 3 billion people rely on fish as a major protein source and that the ocean generates at least US$2.5 trillion in annual economic benefits. The document advocates for the 'One Planet Perspective' framework, which includes expanding Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to 30% to potentially generate up to US$920 billion by 2050.

The author contends that the climate crisis and poverty are linked, requiring a radical shift toward social justice and sustainability. Using Portugal as an example, the text highlights how renewable energy can drive GDP growth and job creation, while criticizing austerity measures and the lack of public awareness in Portugal, where only 6% of the population views climate change as a serious problem.

The author contends that the global ecological crisis and social poverty are linked, requiring a radical political shift toward sustainability and social justice. Using Portugal as an example, the text highlights the severe climate risks facing the Iberian Peninsula—including water scarcity, soil degradation, and rising sea levels—while noting that Portuguese public and political discourse remains dominated by short-term economic concerns and austerity. Despite this, the document points to the success of Portugal's renewable energy sector, which provided 27% of the country's energy and created 40,000 jobs in 2013, as evidence that climate policy can drive economic growth and employment.

The document highlights a drastic increase in unauthorized sand mining in South Africa's rivers and estuaries, driven by low entry barriers and high demand from the construction industry. In the eThekwini jurisdiction, sand extraction rates exceed natural replenishment, leading to riverbank erosion, sinking water tables, and the denudation of beaches. The author argues that current governance is hampered by weak enforcement, insufficient capacity of Environmental Management Inspectors (EMIs), and regulatory ambiguity between the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) and environmental authorities. The brief recommends halting riparian and estuarine mining in favor of sustainable alternatives and enhancing the capacity of national and provincial authorities to enforce Environmental Management Plans (EMPs).