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The report examines the application of JETP Just Transition Standard 9 in Air Buaya and Pasir Putih, Maluku. It identifies risks for diesel plant workers in Air Buaya and severe cold-chain infrastructure gaps in Pasir Putih's tuna fishery. To address these, the authors propose a 'Self-Sustaining Workforce Transition Model' for worker reskilling and a three-phase financing strategy—moving from grants to de-risking instruments—to establish solar-powered cold-chain facilities.

The document examines how electrifying heating systems and improving energy efficiency in buildings can reduce urban emissions, highlighting Copenhagen's achievement of reducing building-related emissions by over 60% between 2019 and 2023. It notes that while such measures reduce emissions at the source, they can increase induced emissions if the electricity grid remains carbon-intensive.

The Glenbrook Steel Mill in Auckland, New Zealand, plans to install an electric arc furnace (EAF) by 2026 to replace half of its coal-based ironmaking. Supported by a $300 million investment and GIDI co-funding, the project will use a 30 MW renewable-energy agreement with Contact Energy to leverage New Zealand's approximately 90% renewable grid. This transition is expected to reduce the mill's annual emissions by up to 1 million tonnes of CO2e.

The Jardim Gramacho project in Rio de Janeiro, managed by COMLURB, has transitioned from being Latin America's largest landfill to a climate mitigation site. By implementing a landfill-gas capture system and large-scale mangrove restoration along Guanabara Bay, the project avoids an estimated 850,000 tonnes of CO2e annually. The document highlights that while conventional landfill closure is often mistaken for mitigation, active systems that capture methane for combustion or energy use, combined with biocovers and vegetation restoration, can effectively curb emissions from legacy waste sites.

Carbon Market Watch concludes that Verra's VM0052 methodology for coal-to-clean carbon credits is inadequate and should not be used to issue credits in its current form. The report identifies critical risks of carbon leakage, over-estimation of emission reductions due to static baseline assumptions, and potential double counting. It also finds that the 'just transition' requirements are too vague and susceptible to manipulation, particularly regarding benefit-sharing and worker compensation. Using the South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation (SLTEC) project in the Philippines as a case study, the report illustrates how independent power producers could build new coal plants to replace retired capacity, nullifying climate benefits. The author urges Verra to suspend the methodology and implement substantive revisions.

Carbon Market Watch argues that Verra’s VM0052 methodology for coal transition credits is significantly flawed and should be put on hold. The briefing identifies critical risks of carbon leakage due to low renewable energy pairing requirements, weaknesses in baseline-setting and additionality tests, and inadequate safeguards against double issuance. It also finds that just transition provisions are unreliable, particularly regarding benefit-sharing and stakeholder mediation. Using a case study of the South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation (SLTEC) in the Philippines, the document illustrates how the methodology could allow for the overissuance of credits that do not represent real emission reductions.

The document outlines a five-step process for governments to identify and quantify fossil fuel subsidies: applying a whole-of-government approach, establishing a comprehensive scope based on WTO standards, choosing measurement methods (price-gap vs. inventory), evaluating socio-economic and environmental impacts, and ensuring regular public disclosure. It emphasizes the use of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) as a minimum baseline and highlights the role of effective carbon rates (ECRs) in improving cross-country comparability.

Indonesia faces significant fiscal strain and energy security risks due to its heavy reliance on imported, subsidized LPG, which is used by 84% of households. The report evaluates three alternatives: induction stoves, dimethyl ether (DME), and city gas. It concludes that induction is the only viable non-fossil option, offering health benefits and long-term fiscal savings if paired with electricity tariff reform and a decarbonized grid. DME and city gas are deemed economically unviable or incompatible with climate goals. The report provides a policy roadmap focusing on making electricity upgrades affordable, implementing means-tested induction subsidies, and reforming LPG subsidies to target only the poorest households.

The report finds that while India has achieved its non-fossil electricity capacity target of 50% by 2025, government support for fossil fuels remains five times larger than for clean energy. Total government support to energy in FY 2024 was at least INR 6.3 lakh crore (USD 75 billion), with a significant portion shifting from direct subsidies to investments by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and public financial institutions (PFIs). The analysis highlights a critical fiscal reliance on fossil fuel revenues, which account for 90% of energy revenues, and a growing burden of electricity subsidies for end consumers that constrains fiscal space for clean energy. The report recommends transitioning to targeted direct benefit transfers for electricity, phasing out fossil fuel production subsidies, and implementing a strategic roadmap for aligning public finance with net-zero goals by 2047.

The report inventories quantified energy subsidies in South Africa, detailing nominal and real values from FY 2018 to FY 2025. It identifies a wide range of support mechanisms, including VAT zero-rating for liquid fuels, Eskom bailouts, and carbon tax exemptions, while also listing specific incentives for renewable energy and energy storage. The document applies the World Trade Organization's definition of subsidies to categorize these financial contributions and provides a breakdown of government guarantees as contingent liabilities.

The evaluation of Viet Nam's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021-2025 reveals that while a robust institutional and legal framework has been established, implementation remains uneven across sectors and regions. Approximately 20% of the 142 priority tasks have been completed, with 74% continuing into an updated NAP. Significant progress was made in state management, agriculture, and disaster risk monitoring, but critical gaps persist in gender equality and social inclusion (GESI), private sector financing, and the widespread deployment of scientific research. The report emphasizes the need for better intersectoral coordination and dedicated funding to ensure sustainable climate resilience.

The document outlines a granular, asset-level process for financial institutions (FIs) to map a company's transition footprint. This process involves five key steps: assessing double materiality to prioritize business lines, gathering detailed asset-level data, identifying retrofit and retirement timelines, selecting appropriate transition benchmarks (such as NDCs or peer data), and evaluating the resulting transition exposure. The guide emphasizes that moving beyond high-level emissions disclosures to asset-specific analysis allows FIs to identify carbon lock-in, policy misalignment, and opportunities for early retirement of high-emissions assets.

The handbook traces G20 engagements with Africa from 2008 to 2025, noting a transition from ad hoc initiatives to structured partnerships, culminating in the African Union's permanent membership in 2023. While identifying successes in rural youth employment and financial inclusion, it highlights persistent implementation gaps in infrastructure and climate finance. The document maps G20 outcomes against AU Agenda 2063, finding strong alignment with economic integration but gaps in peace and institutional capacity. It also details South Africa's 2025 G20 presidency priorities, focusing on solidarity, equality, and sustainability through specific task forces on inclusive growth, food security, and AI.

The report finds that the world is off-track to meet all SDG7 targets by 2030. While electricity access has improved, Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 85% of the remaining deficit. Clean cooking access is severely lagging, with 2.1 billion people lacking access. Renewable energy shares in total final energy consumption are stagnating, and energy intensity improvements are insufficient, requiring a 4% annual increase to meet goals.

The report examines the role of risk mitigation and transfer (RMT) instruments in supporting utility-scale wind and solar projects in East Africa. Through six case studies, it finds that while RMT tools—such as political risk insurance, guarantees, and blended finance—are essential for reaching financial close, risks remain high due to macroeconomic instability, currency volatility, and utility financial strain. The analysis highlights a 'start-stop cycle' in countries like Kenya, where rapid deployment led to overcapacity and subsequent government moratoriums on new contracts. Conversely, the GET FiT program in Uganda is presented as a successful model of systematic de-risking through transparent procurement and institutional support.

The report examines the 'renewable energy–land nexus', noting that while renewables are essential for climate mitigation, they generally require more land than fossil fuels. It advocates for siting energy systems on degraded land and implementing dual-land-use strategies to create synergistic benefits for soil health, water management, and community resilience.

South Africa's green technology transfer ecosystem is characterized by a comprehensive but fragmented policy landscape that creates tensions between social equity goals and climate urgency. While the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) demonstrates successful public-private collaboration, other sectors struggle with institutional silos and a significant gap in funding for the commercialization of research. Key barriers include conflicting localisation requirements and data regulations that may act as non-tariff barriers to foreign investment.

The report argues that the UK risks spending billions in public funds on unproven carbon removal technologies, such as power-BECCS and DACCS, which face significant delays and high costs. It highlights that a single project at Drax biomass power station could require £30 billion in subsidies, exceeding the entire national carbon capture and storage budget. The analysis notes that no commercial-scale project has yet begun construction or captured carbon, and warns that power-BECCS may not deliver genuine removals due to feedstock and supply chain emissions. The author recommends prioritising proven decarbonisation methods like renewables and heat pumps over these high-risk technologies.

Nigeria holds 33 percent of Africa's gas reserves and is implementing the 'Decade of Gas' (2021-2030) to transition toward a gas-powered economy. While the country is a top global LNG exporter, it faces significant internal challenges, including high gas flaring (188 Bcf in 2022), inadequate pipeline infrastructure, and poor payment discipline in the power sector. The document argues that natural gas can serve as a bridge fuel toward Nigeria's net-zero 2060 goal and a catalyst for African industrialization in sectors like fertilizers and petrochemicals. However, the global energy transition is leading International Oil Companies (IOCs) to divest from onshore assets, and geopolitical instability—specifically Niger's 2023 coup—threatens major cross-border projects like the Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline.

The Canadian Climate Institute asserts that the Clean Electricity Regulations (CER) are critical for providing the long-term predictability needed by risk-averse utilities and regulators to invest in clean energy. By setting emission limits for fossil fuel-burning generation that reach zero tonnes per gigawatt hour by 2050, the CER complements industrial carbon pricing and Investment Tax Credits to lower the cost of capital for decarbonization. The author emphasizes that while the CER allows for provincial flexibility and equivalency agreements, a stable federal standard is necessary to prevent provincial rollbacks—such as Saskatchewan's decision to extend coal plant life—from undermining Canada's overall emissions targets.