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The We Mean Business Coalition outlines a framework for a just transition to clean energy, requiring the phase-out of unabated thermal coal, oil, and gas by 2040 at the latest. The principles demand that corporate energy consumers and producers publish Climate Transition Action Plans (CTAPs) with interim targets, while financial institutions must immediately end funding for coal value chains and new oil and gas exploration. Governments are urged to reach 100% decarbonized power systems by 2035 in advanced economies and 2040 elsewhere, with wealthier nations acting as first movers and supporting the Global South through finance and capacity-building.

The document outlines key recommendations for the first Global Stocktake (GST) at COP28, arguing that the outcome should serve as a 'global accelerator' for climate action. It emphasizes the need for enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with ambitious 2030 and 2035 targets, supported by increased climate finance. Specific high-impact areas for acceleration include shifting away from fossil fuels, transforming food and land-use systems, decarbonizing transport, and increasing funding for adaptation and loss and damage.

The document criticizes the current practices of major European reinsurers during the Rendez-Vous de Septembre in Monte-Carlo, noting that while natural disasters cost nearly US $50 billion in early 2023, reinsurance treaties—which comprise over 70% of turnover—remain largely exempt from fossil fuel exclusion policies. It argues that increasing treaty rates is an unsustainable response to climate risk and calls for the exclusion of new coal, oil, and gas projects to prevent global warming exceeding 1.5°C.

The document defines commercial environmental law as the regulatory framework businesses must follow to protect the environment, specifically within the UK context. It highlights the UK Climate Change Act 2008's target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050 and discusses the implementation of the polluter pays and precautionary principles through regulations such as the Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (England) Regulations 2015 and the UK Town and Country Planning Regulations 2015. The author notes challenges in applying these principles, including corporate efforts to hide damage and the tendency for economic pursuits to take priority over environmental ethics.

The Vogtle 3 and 4 projects in Georgia demonstrate the risks of the current nuclear industry model, characterized by massive cost overruns and delays. To meet 2050 net-zero targets, the author argues the industry must move toward standardized, commoditized designs and an overhauled regulatory ecosystem to reduce costs and delivery times.

Climate Outreach argues that the UK government lacks a sufficient public engagement strategy, which risks public rejection of climate policies. The report calls for a strategy that involves citizens in the design and implementation of policies to protect the UK's climate leadership and ensure the success of its 2050 net zero ambitions.

The report identifies a 'planning gap' in Europe's trajectory toward 2050 climate neutrality and proposes that the updated National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) be transformed into comprehensive roadmaps. It recommends that Member States move beyond a narrow focus on renewables to include a diverse portfolio of clean firm energy (advanced nuclear, superhot rock geothermal), carbon capture and storage (CCS), and zero-carbon fuels. The authors emphasize the need for robust energy system modelling, cross-border infrastructure coordination, and the implementation of financial mechanisms like Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfD) to attract investment. Additionally, the report calls for a focused strategy to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas supply chain and the creation of a net-zero implementation tracker to ensure accountability.

The EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products (EUDR) mandates strict due diligence and geolocation traceability for specific commodities to ensure they are not linked to deforestation after December 31, 2020. While currently targeting operators and traders, the regulation may expand to financial institutions by mid-2025. The Climate Bonds Initiative is developing transition pathways and certification criteria to help agri-food companies move beyond legal compliance toward best practices in sustainability.

The cement industry accounts for approximately 7% of global CO2 emissions and faces significant barriers to decarbonisation due to high capital intensity and the nature of process emissions. The report argues that achieving net-zero by 2050 requires a combination of technological shifts—such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), alternative binders, and fuel substitution—and robust policy support. Key policy recommendations include the implementation of carbon contracts for difference (CCfDs), green public procurement, and carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs) to prevent carbon leakage. Financial investment needs are estimated to reach USD 70 billion annually between 2030 and 2040, which the report suggests could be unlocked through the sustainable debt market and science-based certification standards.

The report positions the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) as a pivotal figure in the low-carbon transition, responsible for integrating climate risks and opportunities into a company's financial framework. Based on a survey of 50 respondents from 32 entities, it argues that early adoption of decarbonisation strategies provides a competitive advantage and recommends building robust business cases that quantify the cost of inaction. The document highlights the use of sustainable finance instruments, such as green and sustainability-linked bonds, to mobilise capital and signal commitment. Key challenges identified include the calibration of science-based targets and the difficulty of tackling scope 3 emissions, which often represent the majority of a company's carbon footprint.

ClientEarth urges the FCA to implement mandatory sustainability disclosures at the point of listing, aligned with TCFD and ISSB standards, to correct information asymmetry and protect investors from climate-related financial risks. The document specifically advocates for a new 'atmospheric viability' test for fossil fuel companies' reserves in Competent Person's Reports to address stranded asset risks. Additionally, it recommends extending these requirements to the debt market and introducing stricter, contractually binding disclosures for labelled bonds to prevent greenwashing and mispricing of climate risk.

The Corporate Climate Finance Playbook, developed by the Climate Policy Initiative and Salesforce, argues that meeting global climate targets requires corporations to move beyond piecemeal efforts toward an integrated climate finance strategy. The document categorizes financial tools into capital deployment, capital management, and capital raising, providing a decision-making flowchart to match instruments to the innovation stage of a project and the company's risk appetite. It highlights best practices from companies like Autodesk, Microsoft, and Cisco Foundation, emphasizing the use of blended finance to de-risk early-stage technologies and scale existing solutions.

The document outlines the technical framework for calculating the Net Zero financing gap, detailing the criteria for climate finance data collection, the sources used for needs assessments, and the regional breakdowns for investment analysis.

The report estimates that annual climate finance needs will rise to USD 6.2 trillion by 2030 and USD 7.3 trillion by 2050 to achieve Net Zero, while tracked global finance only surpassed USD 1 trillion for the first time in 2022. Transport and energy systems represent the largest investment needs, requiring at least USD 3.2 trillion and USD 2.1 trillion annually, respectively. The study highlights a significant disparity in finance distribution, with 75% of global spend concentrated in East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, and North America. It argues that public finance must act as a catalyst to mobilize private capital, particularly in developing economies where the cost of capital is significantly higher. While private sector commitments are growing—such as the 30 largest banks pledging USD 870 billion annually—the report notes that asset managers and owners have been slower to set quantifiable targets. Key recommendations include aligning stakeholder policies, supporting non-commercially viable technologies like CCUS and green hydrogen, and implementing just transition frameworks.

The report establishes a framework for assessing temporary carbon storage, asserting that because CO2 emissions have effectively permanent impacts, storage lasting only decades or a century cannot offset emissions without risking higher long-term temperatures. It argues that economic equivalence claims are irrelevant to the physical targets of the Paris Agreement and suggests a minimum storage requirement of 100 years based on the precautionary principle and current global emissions trajectories.

The report identifies non-financial barriers—specifically project development and market uncertainty risks—as the primary constraints on U.S. clean energy deployment. It recommends a portfolio of policies to reduce these risks, including reforming interconnection queues, pre-zoning land for renewables, streamlining permitting processes, and establishing longer-term cost-recovery schedules for power sales.

The report analyzes India's vulnerability in the lithium supply chain, characterized by high import dependence and geographical concentration of production and processing in China. It forecasts a significant surge in lithium demand between 2022 and 2030, driven primarily by electric vehicles and grid storage. To mitigate risks, the report recommends a multi-pronged strategy: streamlining domestic exploration in states like Jammu and Kashmir, forming strategic partnerships with mineral-rich nations such as Australia and Argentina, leveraging state-owned enterprises like KABIL to support private sector offtake, and incentivizing the development of domestic lithium refineries and recycling infrastructure.

The We Mean Business Coalition's 'Fossil to Clean' campaign provides a framework for phasing out fossil fuels by 2040. It outlines specific requirements for demand-side companies to end unabated fossil fuel use, for producers to cease new exploration and reach near-zero methane emissions by 2030, for financial institutions to halt new fossil fuel funding, and for governments to decarbonize power systems by 2035-2040.

The report analyzes the I-JETP's goal of mobilizing $20 billion for Indonesia's energy transition, framing it as an initial 'downpayment' for a much larger requirement potentially exceeding $200 billion over 15 years. It identifies a '3+1' funding strategy involving international public, international private, domestic private, and domestic public capital. Key challenges include rising global interest rates increasing the absolute cost of renewables, the need for significant grid/transmission upgrades, and the necessity of policy reforms regarding power purchase agreements and the role of the state utility PLN. The author argues that success depends on the Government of Indonesia's commitment to policy predictability and the international community's willingness to provide concessional financing that ensures electricity affordability.

Reclaim Finance criticizes the Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance (AOA) for failing to align its Target Setting Protocol Version 4 (TSPV4) with UN High-Level Expert Group (HLEG) recommendations. The organization argues that the AOA allows members to use relative intensity metrics that can disguise absolute emission increases and fails to mandate Scope 3 targets for high-emitting sectors like oil and gas. Reclaim Finance calls for mandatory absolute targets, robust transition plans for asset owners, and a strict prohibition on investing in companies expanding coal, oil, and gas infrastructure. Additionally, it urges the AOA to define concrete escalation procedures for investor engagement and to adopt the updated September 2023 IEA Net Zero Roadmap.