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This report by Ember analyzes the increasing electricity demand for space cooling in Türkiye, driven by rising temperatures and air conditioner ownership. It highlights that cooling-related consumption reached 10 TWh in 2024 and is projected to grow significantly by 2035. The study argues that solar energy, which peaks during the hottest hours, is a critical solution for meeting this demand and maintaining grid stability.

The report analyzes how extreme heatwaves in 2024 increased electricity demand and fossil fuel generation in the world's three largest electricity markets: China, the United States, and India. Using a population-weighted temperature methodology, Ember found that cooling needs significantly drove demand spikes during critical summer months, leading to increased reliance on coal and gas to fill generation gaps.

This report analyzes the financial and regulatory landscape for green buildings in Indonesia, identifying significant barriers to scaling investment. It highlights a gap between national regulations and city-level implementation, noting that residential buildings—the largest energy consumers—are not mandated to follow green standards. Through a deep dive into Semarang, the report demonstrates that combining building material retrofits with high-efficiency cooling systems can reduce energy use by 32% to 44%, though meeting these mandates requires substantial investment.

This report by RMI examines the potential for air conditioner (AC)-based demand response programs in Haryana, India, to manage peak electricity loads driven by rising temperatures and urbanization. It argues that such programs can reduce the need for expensive power purchase contracts and grid infrastructure investments while improving power reliability.

This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative serves as a foundational guide for the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance to analyze challenges and priorities for decarbonizing the buildings sector. It outlines the global investment needs, the role of different financial instruments, and the specific regulatory and environmental contexts of Nigeria and Indonesia.

This scoping paper by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the challenges and priorities for cities in decarbonizing the buildings sector to reach net zero carbon. It examines the drivers of building stock growth, technical mitigation solutions, and the financial instruments and policies required to scale these solutions, with specific deep dives into Nigeria and Indonesia.

This case study examines the challenges of maintaining a vaccine cold chain in Kenya due to stagnant electricity access at government health facilities and the subsequent reliance on inefficient LPG-powered refrigerators. It details the Kenyan Ministry of Health's goal to transition to 'optimal' cold chain equipment (CCE) by 2026 to improve vaccine safety and environmental sustainability.

This document outlines the forecasting methodology used in the Chilling Prospects 2022 report to estimate global risk associated with the lack of access to sustainable cooling through 2030. The methodology identifies four risk profiles based on income and electricity access and evaluates three scenarios—Current trends, SDG7.1, and a combined SDG7.1 and SDG1.1 scenario—across 76 countries to determine how electrification and poverty reduction influence vulnerability to heat.

This report chapter analyzes the growth of the lower-middle-income population in high-impact countries in 2022, highlighting the risks associated with their potential purchase of inefficient cooling devices and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on income levels.

This report section analyzes the growth of the rural poor population lacking access to cooling across 54 high-impact countries in 2022, highlighting the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in increasing extreme poverty despite improvements in electricity access.

This fact sheet describes 'Cooling as a Service' (CaaS) and the 'Your Virtual Cold Chain Assistant' (Your VCCA) mobile application, designed to reduce food waste and increase revenues for smallholder farmers in India through affordable, sustainable cold storage.

This case study describes the Cooling as a Service (CaaS) model, a pay-per-service approach designed to deploy energy-efficient cooling technologies by removing upfront investment costs for customers and incentivizing providers to maintain high efficiency.

The National Cooling Action Plan (NCAP) provides analyses on space cooling mitigation in buildings to support Grenada's commitments under the Paris Agreement, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

This report by the NewClimate Institute examines the potential for Green Public Procurement (GPP) to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in public buildings by replacing conventional air conditioners with Green ACs, while identifying the financial, political, and technical barriers to adoption.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative and Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) proposes a standardized Cooling Investment Tracking Framework to address significant data gaps in global cooling finance. The authors argue that current datasets focus too narrowly on equipment sales and lack the transaction-level granularity needed for governments and investors to align capital with sustainable cooling needs.

This report examines the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the specific challenges posed by the cold chain requirements of early vaccines, which threatened equitable global access to immunization.

This report analyzes global access to cooling in 2021, focusing on 54 high-impact countries. It details how the combined effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising global temperatures have increased the number of people at risk due to a lack of sustainable cooling, particularly among the rural and urban poor.

This knowledge brief from Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), produced in support of the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program (K-CEP), examines the challenges and opportunities associated with financing sustainable cooling solutions across diverse user needs.

The 'Cooling for All Needs Assessment Scorecard' is a tool designed by Sustainable Energy for All to help entities evaluate and track cooling needs across three primary domains: human comfort and safety, food and nutrition security, and health services.

This 2019 report by Sustainable Energy for All provides a status update on global cooling access, quantifying the populations at risk and introducing a needs-based assessment tool to guide policymakers and financiers toward sustainable cooling solutions consistent with the Paris Agreement and the Kigali Amendment.