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This report by the World Resources Institute provides a primer for governments on raising and aligning funds to implement Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to meet Paris Agreement goals. It outlines a three-stage process consisting of planning (creating a financing strategy), implementation (using financial, fiscal, and policy instruments), and monitoring (tracking financial flows).

This working paper analyzes the tension between country ownership and accountability in climate finance. It argues that while financial management in many developing countries is strong, results-based management and social safeguards need improvement. The paper proposes three models of finance delivery—contributor-centered, shared, and full recipient ownership—and advocates for strengthening national systems over creating parallel international structures to increase development impact.

This WRI working paper addresses a 'crisis of confidence' within the Green Climate Fund (GCF), proposing simultaneous reforms in resources and governance. It advocates for a formula-based framework to determine financial contributions based on metrics like GHG emissions and GNI, and suggests improving Board effectiveness through independent reviews, transparent member selection, and new decision-making procedures to prevent deadlocks.

This research paper proposes five components for a new financial agreement under the UNFCCC to address technology barriers in developing countries, drawing on UNFCCC submissions and technical papers regarding mitigation investment needs.

This report by the World Resources Institute examines how public climate finance can be used to create the policy, institutional, industry, and financial conditions necessary to scale up private and public investment in low-carbon energy. Based on case studies from six developing countries, the report proposes a framework for 'readiness' activities and provides recommendations for international climate funds, specifically the Green Climate Fund.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute provides guidance for city decision-makers on the financial mechanisms, procurement strategies, and business models required to implement electric and hybrid-electric bus fleets, noting that while capital costs are higher than conventional buses, total cost of ownership can be competitive.

This expert note from the World Resources Institute describes country platforms as mechanisms for governments to align diverse sources of finance behind national plans to achieve climate, nature, and development goals, while highlighting the institutional requirements for their success.

This guide provides a detailed technical exploration of the reporting and review requirements established by the Paris Agreement Rulebook's enhanced transparency framework. It outlines the specific information Parties must report, the timelines for submission, the structure of the technical expert review and multilateral consideration processes, and the flexibility provisions available to developing country Parties based on their capacities.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute examines the disconnect between the national-level implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement (NDCs). Based on a survey of 90 countries and detailed case studies of 11 countries and the European Union, the paper argues that a 'siloed approach' to these agendas hinders progress. It proposes five core areas for integration: coordinating institutions, aligning targets, joint policy mainstreaming, optimizing financial resources, and creating mutually reinforcing monitoring frameworks. The study concludes that an integrated approach reduces transaction costs, enhances policy coherence, and fosters 'win-win solutions' for climate resilience and sustainable development.

This working paper summarizes three regional workshops held in 2012 and 2013 in Jakarta, Nairobi, and Bogota. It identifies technical, policy, and capacity challenges that developing countries face when monitoring climate finance and provides recommendations for improving the tracking of these flows to ensure better national planning and UNFCCC compliance.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute (WRI) examines how the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and the Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) use financial instruments to mobilize private sector investment for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.

This fact sheet by the World Resources Institute updates a May 2012 working paper regarding the United States' contribution to Fast-Start Finance (FSF) between 2010 and 2012, analyzing the financial instruments used and the balance between adaptation and mitigation objectives.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute examines how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) can utilize de-risking mechanisms to mobilize private capital for low-carbon and climate-resilient development in developing countries. It analyzes the barriers to scaling these instruments and proposes strategies to enhance MDBs' roles as 'mobilizers' to close the climate investment gap.

This technical note describes the World Resources Institute's (WRI) Climate Finance Calculator, a tool designed to determine countries' international climate finance contributions based on their economic capacity to pay and their emissions-based climate responsibility.

This policy brief by the World Resources Institute examines the insufficient integration of climate change considerations within the World Bank Group's lending and strategies, proposing structural reforms to improve how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) address greenhouse gas emissions.

This report by the World Resources Institute assesses the United Kingdom's 'fast start finance' (FSF) contributions for 2010/11 and 2011/12, evaluating the mobilization of funds, transparency of reporting, and the 'new and additional' nature of the finance provided.

This working paper by the World Resources Institute and OECD proposes a 4-stage framework to improve the estimation of private climate finance mobilized by public interventions. It addresses the technical complexity of quantifying these linkages, particularly for UNFCCC reporting by developed countries for activities in developing countries, and recommends both short-term transparency measures and long-term standardization of data systems and definitions.

This document presents the perspectives of the ACT 2015 consortium on how the 2015 Paris international climate agreement can facilitate a transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy.

This working paper by the World Resources Institute provides a summary of country submissions made to the UNFCCC's Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA) between April 2010 and November 2010.

This working paper by the World Resources Institute examines the financing challenges and strategic importance of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) demonstration projects in developing countries, offering recommendations to international policymakers to facilitate a transition to low-carbon economies.