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The document identifies significant gaps in the availability and application of climate risk information within Africa's financial sector, which may lead to inaccurate asset valuations and increased financial and sovereign risks. It recommends that decision-makers expand their influence to secure necessary data, integrate financial sector transformation into UN Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and conduct detailed mapping of climate risk information for public financial institutions.

The paper identifies a critical lack of robust climate risk data and analysis in Africa, which may lead to incorrect asset valuations and increased financial stability and sovereign risks. It proposes a six-category framework for climate risk information—data, analysis, disclosure and reporting, targets, risk management, and capacity-building—to help financial decision-makers close these gaps. While all four studied countries have initiatives for disclosure and reporting, South Africa shows the most comprehensive approach, covering five of the six categories. The author recommends that countries integrate financial sector transformation into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and expand climate risk mapping to include public financial institutions.

The report argues that decarbonizing the global steel sector requires a shift from project-based funding to systemic international cooperation that addresses both high capital and operational costs. It highlights a significant gap in green steel initiatives, which are currently clustered in the EU, while production growth is projected in emerging economies. The authors propose the international application of Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) to cover incremental costs of clean production and mitigate risks for private investors. Furthermore, the report emphasizes that successful transformation depends on fostering trust through non-hierarchical policy dialogues and peer review processes to avoid concerns over national sovereignty and 'carbon colonialism'.

The report finds a massive gap between Africa's annual climate finance needs (USD 277 billion) and actual flows (USD 29.5 billion). While international public finance dominates, private sector contribution is low at 14%. Finance is heavily concentrated in a few countries and sectors, with energy receiving the most investment, while agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) remains underfunded. The report recommends scaling up concessional finance, improving data tracking, and catalyzing private investment to meet 2030 goals.

Africa requires USD 277 billion annually to meet its 2030 climate goals, yet only USD 29.5 billion was tracked in 2019/2020. International public finance dominates the landscape, while private sector contributions remain low at 14%. The report highlights significant investment gaps, particularly in Southern Africa, and a critical need to shift funding from fossil fuels toward renewable energy and adaptation, especially in the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector.

The interim evaluation of the I-GFLL/CliPAD IV project in Lao PDR indicates a generally successful implementation, rated as 'Level 2: successful' overall. The project is highly aligned with national policies and the needs of rural populations in Luang Prabang, Sayabouri, and Houaphan provinces. While it has successfully established an enabling environment for REDD+ and integrated women and ethnic groups, effectiveness is rated as 'moderately successful' because many village-level activities only began in 2021, making it too early to quantify total CO2 reductions. Key achievements include the creation of a Climate Change Funding Window within the Environment Protection Fund and the development of 25 Village Forest Management Plans. However, challenges remain regarding high staff turnover in government agencies, bureaucratic delays in fund disbursement, and external risks from mining concessions and infrastructure projects.

Malawi is not on track to meet its 2030 Sustainable Development Goals due to climate change, economic shocks, and high poverty. The report argues that an additional annual public investment of USD 543 million is required to end hunger, double smallholder incomes, and transition 14 million people to healthier diets while meeting climate commitments. Key priorities include on-farm investments in irrigation and livestock, nutrition education, and building climate resilience for vulnerable groups, particularly women.

Nigeria is not on track to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, with poverty and hunger projected to rise without significant intervention. The report identifies a massive financing gap, estimating that an additional USD 4.9 billion in annual public investment is required from 2023 to 2030 to achieve a sustainable food system transformation. This includes USD 2.3 billion from external donors and USD 2.6 billion from domestic resources. Key priorities include increasing agricultural productivity, integrating climate resilience, and transitioning to healthier diets through nutrition education and social protection. The report highlights a critical underfunding of long-term agricultural investments compared to short-term emergency food assistance.

The Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) argues that 'net zero' is a global scientific concept that should not be applied to individual entities, as doing so encourages the use of ineffective offsets and speculative technologies. CIEL recommends that standards for non-state entities require absolute emissions reductions, the inclusion of Scope 3 emissions, and a rapid phase-out of fossil fuels. The document specifically criticizes the fossil fuel industry for using net-zero pledges to mask continued production and warns that reliance on Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) and technological Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) is risky and unproven. It advocates for mandatory regulation, transparent reporting, and the integration of human rights and climate justice into all net-zero frameworks.

Carbon Market Watch argues against the use of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) toward NDCs and the inclusion of emission avoidance in Article 6.4, while calling for a highly transparent mechanism registry and the mandatory application of corresponding adjustments to ensure overall mitigation in global emissions (OMGE).

Carbon Market Watch argues that 'averaging accounting' for single-year NDCs creates a risk of double counting that should be addressed through the ex-post cancellation of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). The organization advocates for a 'public' default status for all Article 6 information and a transparent, machine-readable infrastructure for the Centralised Accounting and Reporting Platform (CARP). Additionally, it strongly opposes allowing 'emission avoidance' to qualify for ITMOs, citing poor definitions and the risk of crediting fossil fuel infrastructure.

The proposal aims to mobilize private capital for Panama's low-emission and climate-resilient economy by addressing a lack of clarity on sustainable investments and a deficiency in climate-related financial risk management. It focuses on the banking and insurance sectors, leveraging the existing Sustainable Finance Working Group (GTFS). Key activities include creating a national taxonomy, implementing TCFD-aligned risk disclosure methodologies, and building capacity through training. The project also seeks to identify a domestic financial institution for GCF accreditation and develop a concept note for a larger mainstreaming project.

The document reviews 24 financing strategies for adaptation in developing countries, categorizing them as either discrete adaptation strategies or general climate action strategies. It finds a wide variation in approach, ranging from high-level awareness documents to detailed costing frameworks. The analysis suggests that countries do not necessarily need to calculate precise finance gaps and should instead focus on the strategic use of public finance to leverage private investment and improve the tracking of international finance flows. It emphasizes the importance of involving ministries of finance and international funders to increase the likelihood of securing resources.

The authors examine the alignment of climate-related official development assistance (ODA) with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement. They find that while there is coherence, gaps remain in aligning finance with recipient countries' needs, specifically noting a reduction in misalignment regarding NDC activities which prioritize adaptation over mitigation.

The proposal seeks USD 627,331 over 24 months to help Costa Rica mobilize private finance for its National Decarbonization Plan (NDP) and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). It focuses on creating a national sustainable finance taxonomy and implementing Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations for the banking and insurance sectors. Key activities include establishing a Financial Advisory Group (FAG), developing a GCF Country Programme, and creating online reporting modules within the SINAMECC and SICVECA platforms. The project aims to address gaps in climate risk data and the lack of unified classification systems for green investments.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) argues that South Africa's 2021 NDC update is insufficient to meet the 1.5°C global warming limit and fails to reflect the country's 'fair share' of global mitigation efforts. The CER highlights that the use of an emissions range allows for a higher upper limit that is inconsistent with safe climate pathways, potentially leading to domestic temperature increases of 4 to 6°C. The document requests the government clarify if it will revisit its 2030 targets as requested by the Glasgow Climate Pact and asks for details on the mechanisms used to monitor and track greenhouse gas emission reductions.

The document advocates for a de-siloed approach to climate change and global health, emphasizing that public health is both a prerequisite for and a critical indicator of the Paris Agreement's success. It highlights the significant health co-benefits of mitigation in energy, food, and transport sectors, while noting that the healthcare sector itself contributes 4.9% of global emissions. The submission calls for the Global Stocktake to monitor public health implications across sectors, track the healthcare sector's progress in mitigation and adaptation, and address the severe lack of climate finance directed toward health resilience.

Tracked green finance in India averaged INR 309 thousand crores (~USD 44 billion) per annum in FY 2019-20, which is less than 25% of the annual amount required to meet the country's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). While flows increased by 150% from FY2017/18 to FY2019/20, the report highlights a critical shortfall in adaptation funding and a heavy reliance on public sector finance for clean transportation. The study recommends the development of a green taxonomy, improved data disclosure, and the scaling of capital markets to mobilize the trillions of dollars needed for India's 2030 and 2070 Net-Zero goals.

Africa's climate finance needs are estimated at USD 250 billion annually, yet only USD 29.5 billion was mobilized in 2020. The report identifies critical barriers—financial, governance, project-level, and infrastructure-related—across the energy, transport, buildings, and AFOLU sectors. It argues that bridging this gap requires 'climate finance innovation,' defined as using financial instruments to overcome barriers in novel contexts. The document details a toolbox of solutions, including blended finance, capital market instruments like YieldCos and Green Bonds, and results-based finance, while providing case studies such as TerraFund and Acorn to demonstrate how these tools can catalyze private investment.

Africa's annual climate finance needs are estimated at USD 250 billion, yet only USD 29.5 billion was mobilized in 2020. The report identifies critical barriers—financial, governance, project-level, and infrastructure-related—across the energy, transport, buildings, and AFOLU sectors. It argues that bridging this gap requires shifting from traditional grants and concessional debt toward innovative structures like YieldCos, Green Bonds, and blended finance to 'crowd-in' private capital. The document provides a toolbox for matching specific instruments to barriers and highlights four case studies: TerraFund for AFR100, the Sub-National Climate Finance Initiative, Acorn's green housing ecosystem, and the Revego Africa Energy Fund.