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The report identifies a significant financing gap for Colombia's climate goals and argues that a just transition (JT) requires dedicated investment in socio-economic mitigation, such as re-skilling and regional diversification. While 67% of climate finance currently comes from public sources, the report notes that the 2023 national budget is not yet aligned with JT priorities. It suggests leveraging private green portfolios, international aid, sovereign green bonds, and carbon tax revenues to bridge this gap, while recommending the creation of a social taxonomy to ensure investments are socially responsible.

The document outlines sustainability standards for the mining and processing sectors, such as the ICMM Mining Principles and IRMA Standard, which emphasize biodiversity conservation and the mitigation hierarchy. It provides financial estimates for forest protection, noting a global need of USD 45–460 billion annually to meet Paris Agreement goals, while contrasting this with 'gray finance'—including agricultural subsidies estimated between USD 378 billion and USD 635 billion per year—that may risk deforestation. Additionally, it identifies the emergence of green taxonomies in the EU and Colombia and risk assessment frameworks in countries like Brazil and Malaysia to align financial flows with nature preservation.

The 2023 Forest Declaration Assessment finds that global finance for forests is severely inadequate, with 'gray' finance (subsidies driving deforestation) vastly outweighing 'green' finance. Public green finance averages USD 2.2 billion annually, less than 1% of estimated needs. Private financial institutions continue to provide trillions in financing to high-risk companies, while the voluntary carbon market faces declining demand and pricing due to integrity concerns. The report highlights a critical funding gap for Indigenous Peoples and local communities, who receive only 3% of the finance needed for tenure reform.

The document examines international development finance for nature-based solutions (NbS) in developing countries, particularly least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS). It highlights the difficulty of accurately quantifying NbS funding and suggests that current estimates may mask a significant finance gap if projects are not explicitly designed to deliver both biodiversity and human benefits.

In 2021, MDB climate finance to developing countries reached a record $58.9 billion (UNFCCC definition), hitting a collective 2025 target of $50 billion four years early. However, the report highlights significant failures: private sector co-financing rates fell to 25 cents per dollar of public finance, and the share of funding for the most vulnerable countries (SIDS and LDCs) dropped to 19% from 22% in 2020. Additionally, MDBs provided $4.6 billion in fossil fuel financing in 2021, including a $4.5 billion loan for oil and LNG imports from Saudi Arabia to Pakistan. The author urges MDBs to increase adaptation finance, which reached $17.6 billion but remains far below estimated annual costs of $70 billion, and calls for independent verification of self-reported data to improve transparency.

The document argues that climate finance for Africa is grossly insufficient, with an estimated annual shortfall of $112 billion for the 2020-2030 period. It calls for a total commitment of $1.3 trillion from rich countries to cover adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage, while advocating for the use of natural gas as a transition fuel and the reform of the global financial architecture.

The document outlines the shift from static school bus business models to new arrangements necessitated by the different cost structures of electric school buses (ESBs). While ESBs have higher upfront capital costs, they offer lower operating costs and a lower total cost of ownership (TCO) over time, with TCO parity with diesel buses projected by 2029. The guide identifies six key roles in the ESB ecosystem—bus owner, charger owner, bus operator, bus maintenance provider, energy/fuel manager, and electricity customer—and provides examples of various business models, including Charging-as-a-Service and Transportation-as-a-Service, implemented by districts in California, Quebec, Virginia, Illinois, and Maryland.

The report argues that current climate finance is woefully inadequate to meet Paris Agreement goals, with developing countries alone requiring $4.3 trillion for 2030 commitments. It outlines a three-stage framework—planning, implementation, and monitoring—and details a variety of fiscal and policy instruments to align public spending, increase public funding, and mobilize private capital.

The report finds that while global climate finance almost doubled between 2011 and 2020, reaching a cumulative USD 4.8 trillion, current growth rates are insufficient to meet climate goals. Preliminary 2021 estimates show an all-time high of USD 850–940 billion, driven largely by electric vehicle demand. However, a significant gap remains in adaptation finance, and continued fossil fuel subsidies in 51 major countries exceeded total global climate finance investment for the 2011-2020 period. The report argues that annual flows must reach USD 4.3 trillion by 2030 to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) asserts that methane mitigation is the most effective strategy for slowing near-term warming, yet it remains severely underfunded. Despite the existence of low-cost abatement opportunities in the oil and gas, waste, and agriculture sectors, finance for methane accounted for less than 2% of total climate finance flows in 2019 and 2020. CATF identifies structural barriers, including a lack of prioritized funding within donor institutions and a dearth of high-quality project proposals from developing countries. To address this, the document recommends scaling donor pledges, developing investable project pipelines, and improving partnerships and carbon market frameworks to support implementation.

The report finds that global forest finance is not on track to meet 2030 goals, with current mitigation finance averaging USD 2.3 billion per year—less than 1 percent of the estimated USD 460 billion annual requirement. It highlights a stark imbalance where 'grey finance' (harmful investments) significantly outweighs 'green finance,' and notes that Indigenous Peoples and local communities remain severely underfunded. While 2021 pledges could quadruple annual finance to USD 9.5 billion, this remains insufficient. The report also analyzes the limited impact of voluntary and compliance carbon markets and the slow progress of REDD+ frameworks.

Africa requires USD 277 billion annually to meet its 2030 climate goals, yet annual flows stand at only USD 30 billion. While the region shows a better balance between adaptation and mitigation than other global regions, private sector contribution remains low at 14%. The report recommends increasing concessional finance for hard-to-abate sectors, improving data tracking through 'climate tagging', and enhancing sub-national investment capabilities to bridge the financing gap.

The report highlights a disparity in G20 funding, with USD 470 billion committed to fossil fuels since 2020 compared to USD 424 billion for clean energy. While some G20 nations show strength in corporate access to renewables and policy frameworks, their overall renewable energy ambitions and net zero targets are described as lagging.

The report analyzes the financing of low carbon transitions for India's MSME sector, which is highly GHG intensive due to fossil fuel reliance. It identifies a significant credit gap—estimated at USD 240 billion in 2018—and a lack of awareness and technical capacity as primary barriers. While national schemes like RAMP and ZED certification exist, the report finds fragmented implementation and varying levels of alignment between central and state policies, noting that Gujarat partially aligns with national goals while Maharashtra shows significant divergence. Recommendations include scaling incentive-based models, leveraging supply chain pressure from large companies, and mobilizing international climate finance.

The report argues that decarbonizing the global steel sector requires a shift from project-based funding to systemic international cooperation that addresses both high capital and operational costs. It highlights a significant gap in green steel initiatives, which are currently clustered in the EU, while production growth is projected in emerging economies. The authors propose the international application of Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) to cover incremental costs of clean production and mitigate risks for private investors. Furthermore, the report emphasizes that successful transformation depends on fostering trust through non-hierarchical policy dialogues and peer review processes to avoid concerns over national sovereignty and 'carbon colonialism'.

Africa requires USD 277 billion annually to meet its 2030 climate goals, yet only USD 29.5 billion was tracked in 2019/2020. International public finance dominates the landscape, while private sector contributions remain low at 14%. The report highlights significant investment gaps, particularly in Southern Africa, and a critical need to shift funding from fossil fuels toward renewable energy and adaptation, especially in the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector.

The document argues that Africa faces an annual financing gap of over $100 billion to preserve its natural capital, which is critical for global climate and biodiversity goals. It proposes a 'triple bottom line' approach—combining financial returns, environmental impact, and community benefits—applied through landscape financing, restorative agriculture, and sustainable supply chains. The paper identifies green bonds, carbon credits, and impact investing as key financial mechanisms and calls for stronger regulatory frameworks, such as the adoption of Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) guidelines, to attract private capital and prevent 'nature-washing'.

The report identifies a significant global MSME finance gap, estimated at USD 5.2 trillion in 2017, which is exacerbated for green enterprises in developing economies. Key barriers include high informality, inappropriate collateral requirements (favoring fixed over movable assets), and information gaps regarding ESG criteria. The authors recommend establishing green taxonomies, improving credit guarantee schemes, and creating a global green MSME financing facility to leverage Development Finance Institutions (DFIs).

The report argues that the EU steel sector faces a critical investment window as 74% of blast furnace capacity requires renewal by 2030. It advocates for a combination of carbon pricing, circular economy measures, and innovative finance tools like Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) to scale low-carbon technologies such as green hydrogen and Direct Reduced Iron (DRI). The document emphasizes that while public funds are insufficient, the green bond market and transition finance instruments can mobilize the necessary private capital, provided there are science-based standards to prevent greenwashing.

The report examines the role of the buildings sector in global GHG emissions, which account for 37% of energy-related emissions. It identifies key technical solutions for decarbonization, including reducing embodied carbon in materials and improving operational efficiency in heating and cooling. The document evaluates various financial instruments—ranging from traditional mortgages to specialized on-bill financing—and policy tools like building codes and green labels. It emphasizes that the transition requires a network of instruments tailored to different building archetypes and regional contexts, providing specific deep dives into the unique challenges and opportunities in Nigeria and Indonesia.