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The document details the financial scale of U.S. fossil fuel subsidies, noting a shift from net revenue to net loss for the government between FY 2016 and FY 2022. It analyzes the Biden-Harris Administration's FY 2024 budget proposal to eliminate 13 tax preferences to save $96.9 billion, while also highlighting how the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) continue to provide funding for methane reduction and carbon capture technologies.

In 2022, U.S. fossil fuel subsidies totaled $757 billion, including $754 billion in implicit costs. While the Biden-Harris FY 2024 budget proposes eliminating 13 tax preferences to save $96.9 billion, other legislation like the Inflation Reduction Act continues to provide subsidies, including $1.55 billion for methane reductions and credits for carbon sequestration.

The UNHCR launched the Refugee Zakat Fund in 2019 to tap into the significant potential of Islamic social finance, specifically zakat, to address rising humanitarian needs. While the fund assisted 1.1 million people across 20 countries by 2023 and has gained endorsements from 17 Islamic institutions, it faces scrutiny regarding Sharia compliance and the legitimacy of centralized zakat collection. To maintain trust, UNHCR has implemented specific measures such as using interest-free accounts and waiving indirect support costs. The brief highlights a broader trend of UN agencies, including UNICEF and UNRWA, integrating Islamic social finance to diversify funding streams.

The document argues that current international financing systems fail to provide the scale, speed, and justice required to address the climate and biodiversity emergencies in Latin America and the Caribbean. It highlights a significant gap between global financial targets—such as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)—and the actual resources reaching the region. The brief advocates for a shift toward 'just financing' that prioritizes direct access for indigenous peoples and local communities, reduces capital costs through local currency financing, and replaces harmful subsidies with nature-based solutions. It specifically promotes innovative mechanisms like debt-for-nature swaps, Finance for Permanence (PFP) projects, and the Tropical Forests Forever Fund (TFFF) as pathways to systemic change.

India aims to reduce GDP emissions intensity by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2070, requiring an estimated US$2.5 trillion in investment by 2030 and US$10.1 trillion for the full transition. Despite a global high of US$1.3 trillion in clean energy commitments in 2022, the document argues that current investment trajectories are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets or India's specific needs.

Ember's feedback on the JETP CIPP highlights critical gaps in the plan, particularly the exclusion of captive power emissions, which may lead to 2030 emissions exceeding the 290 MT CO2 target. The organization recommends increasing solar targets, reassessing wind deployment locations, and questioning the sustainability and viability of bioenergy. Ember also criticizes the coal retirement timeline, noting that the CIPP's plan to retire only 1.7 GW by 2040 contradicts the Indonesian government's more ambitious goals and the IEA's 1.5 degree scenario. Additionally, the document calls for greater transparency in GFANZ financing, comprehensive risk assessments regarding US political stability, and urgent policy reforms to end coal subsidies and prohibit new coal plants in the industrial sector.

The report provides a toolkit for investors to assess the climate credentials of Brazilian agri-food companies using the 'Five Principles for Transition' and 'Five Hallmarks for a Credible Transitioning Company'. It highlights the critical role of the agricultural sector in Brazil's emissions profile, where land-use change and agriculture account for nearly 75% of gross emissions. Through case studies of Syngenta and Amaggi, the document illustrates the application of these screening tools, noting that while major companies are developing transition plans, gaps remain in financial strategies and the alignment of actual emissions trends with 1.5°C goals. Additionally, it outlines the landscape of sustainable finance instruments in Brazil, such as LCAs and CRAs, and discusses regulatory pressures like the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).

The study examines the interrelationship between climate change mitigation (CCM) and adaptation (CCA), arguing that integrating these actions can increase cost-effectiveness and leverage climate finance. It finds that while most analyzed countries (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa) and Germany acknowledge co-benefits, they lack explicit, integrated implementation plans and face a significant funding imbalance, with mitigation receiving substantially more finance than adaptation. The report recommends a 'whole-of-government' approach, including green budgeting and standardized taxonomies, to better identify and fund synergistic projects.

The cement industry accounts for approximately 7% of global CO2 emissions and faces significant barriers to decarbonisation due to high capital intensity and the nature of process emissions. The report argues that achieving net-zero by 2050 requires a combination of technological shifts—such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), alternative binders, and fuel substitution—and robust policy support. Key policy recommendations include the implementation of carbon contracts for difference (CCfDs), green public procurement, and carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs) to prevent carbon leakage. Financial investment needs are estimated to reach USD 70 billion annually between 2030 and 2040, which the report suggests could be unlocked through the sustainable debt market and science-based certification standards.

The report argues that current NDCs and financial frameworks are insufficient to reach net-zero emissions, particularly in developing and emerging economies facing high debt. It proposes nine principles for international climate finance, emphasizing that developed countries must scale up support based on common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR). Key recommendations include adopting bottom-up, sector-specific finance needs, utilizing innovative mechanisms like debt-for-climate swaps, and aligning finance with national policy processes to avoid carbon lock-ins. The report highlights the importance of 'just transitions' and the synergy between mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage funding.

The document argues that current climate finance flows are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals, with a significant gap in EMDEs and LDCs due to high capital costs and strained public finances. It proposes that G7 countries accelerate finance through blended finance, debt-for-climate swaps, and MDB reforms. Specific recommendations include establishing a global risk mitigation facility, coordinating green industrial policies to avoid protectionism, and implementing universal disaster index insurance to reduce vulnerability in emerging economies.

The report analyzes why private finance for climate adaptation in developing countries remains low, citing lack of clear revenue streams and high transaction costs for small-scale projects. It evaluates established and emerging financial instruments—such as blended finance, guarantees, and payment for ecosystem services—and argues that the most effective path forward is not the creation of new instruments, but the innovative combination and application of existing ones to match specific project needs.

The document examines the funding gap for marine and coastal ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), specifically within the SADC region. It analyzes various financing streams—including national budgets, international bilateral and multilateral funds, philanthropy, and private capital—while highlighting the challenges of access to finance due to economic categorizations. The paper emphasizes blended finance solutions, such as blue bonds and debt-for-nature swaps, using the Seychelles as a primary case study, and discusses the emerging potential of blue carbon markets. It concludes that public funding remains the dominant source and recommends that SADC countries integrate EbA into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and establish independent trust funds to ensure long-term sustainability.

The Forest Declaration Assessment identifies a significant funding gap for global forest goals, estimating a need for up to USD 460 billion annually for protection and restoration. Simultaneously, it highlights a conflict in public spending, where agricultural subsidies—termed "gray" finance—amount to between USD 378 and USD 635 billion per year in activities potentially harmful to forests.

The briefing examines the Bridgetown Agenda's proposals to reform the global financial system, specifically the IMF and MDBs, to address the intersection of climate change and sovereign debt in the global south. It argues that current governance structures and risk-averse capital adequacy frameworks hinder the flow of climate finance to vulnerable nations. Key recommendations include the rechanneling of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) through the Resilience and Sustainability Trust (RST) and the implementation of G20 Capital Adequacy Frameworks (CAF) recommendations to increase MDB lending capacity without compromising AAA credit ratings.

The document analyzes Brazil's public policies for reducing methane emissions in agriculture, noting that while frameworks like the Ecological Transformation Plan and the Brazilian Sustainable Taxonomy exist, there is a lack of specific, targeted incentives for methane abatement in the livestock sector, which is the primary source of these emissions.

Damilola Ogunbiyi's keynote speech at the 9th Berlin Energy Transition Dialogue emphasizes the critical need for equitable financing and industrialization in the Global South. She highlights the severe disparity in renewable energy investment, noting that Sub-Saharan Africa received less than 1.5% of global investment between 2000 and 2020. To address this, she promotes the Africa Carbon Markets Initiative (ACMI) to generate carbon credits and revenue, and the Renewable Energy Manufacturing Initiative (REMI) to foster green industry in Africa and Asia. Ogunbiyi advocates for whole-economy energy transition plans (ETPs), citing Nigeria's plan which estimates a cost of USD 1.9 trillion to reach net-zero by 2060.

The document examines the constraints of the current international finance architecture for Africa, noting that between 2016 and 2020, the continent received only $19.5 billion in climate funding against annual adaptation needs of $30-50 billion. It proposes that the G20 can bridge this gap by developing green finance taxonomies, promoting risk sharing through multilateral development bank guarantees, and facilitating carbon pricing. The author advocates for the use of debt-for-climate swaps to alleviate debt burdens while funding nature conservation and the expansion of Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs), citing the South African model. Additionally, the paper highlights the role of natural gas as a transition fuel and the importance of investing in the AFOLU sector, which contributed 56% of Africa's total emissions in 2016.

The cement sector is a major industrial emitter, accounting for approximately 7% of global CO2 emissions and 4% of EU emissions. The report argues that the current decade is critical because 30% of EU cement kilns will reach the end of their life by 2030, presenting a window to avoid stranded assets by investing in low-carbon technologies. Key technical levers include reducing the clinker-to-cement ratio, implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS), and substituting fossil fuels with biomass and waste. To support this, the report recommends a comprehensive policy suite: upstream (accelerating renewable energy and CO2 infrastructure), midstream (implementing Carbon Contracts for Difference and phasing out ETS free allowances), and downstream (mandating green public procurement and scaling off-take agreements). It also highlights the role of sustainable finance, noting that while sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) have been issued, their potential in the cement sector remains under-exploited due to a lack of sector-specific standards.

The document identifies a significant financing gap for Colombia's climate goals and argues that a Just Transition requires dedicated investment in labor retraining, social protection, and regional diversification. It analyzes the current distribution of climate finance—dominated by public resources (67%)—and suggests leveraging innovative tools like sovereign green bonds and carbon tax revenues to ensure stability and equity in the transition.