The Synergy between Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Cross-Country SNAPFI study

The study examines the interrelationship between climate change mitigation (CCM) and adaptation (CCA), arguing that integrating these actions can increase cost-effectiveness and leverage climate finance. It finds that while most analyzed countries (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa) and Germany acknowledge co-benefits, they lack explicit, integrated implementation plans and face a significant funding imbalance, with mitigation receiving substantially more finance than adaptation. The report recommends a 'whole-of-government' approach, including green budgeting and standardized taxonomies, to better identify and fund synergistic projects.

• True synergies between mitigation and adaptation occur when an action is specifically designed to benefit both, such that the combined effect exceeds the sum of the effects if applied separately, distinguishing them from 'co-benefits' which are unintended side effects.
• International climate finance is heavily skewed toward mitigation. In 2020, 49% of climate-related finance had mitigation objectives, while 38% had adaptation objectives, and only 12% targeted both.
• In India, climate action is largely mission-oriented and divided into separate mitigation and adaptation tracks; while synergies exist in sectors like agriculture and LULUCF, they are often not by design and are more theoretical than practical.
• Indonesia's climate policies, including the Enhanced NDC and LTS-LCCR, primarily identify potential co-benefits in the ecosystem and energy sectors rather than explicit synergies, and the country lacks a unified funding aspect for these co-benefit activities.
• South Africa's climate policies do not explicitly address synergies or trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, partly because its AFOLU sector contributes a relatively small share (3.7%) of total national emissions.
• Brazil lacks concrete implementation plans for mitigation-adaptation synergies, and its National Adaptation Plan's implementation cycle ended in 2020.
• Germany experiences a structural deficit in adaptation governance due to the lack of coordination between federal, state, and municipal levels, where adaptation is a voluntary rather than mandatory task for municipalities.
• The Green Climate Fund (GCF) uses 'cross-cutting' terminology to identify synergy projects before implementation; as of March 2023, cross-cutting projects accounted for 29% of the total project number and 36% of the total project value in GCF funding.
• The EU Taxonomy and Malaysia's climate taxonomy both employ the 'do no significant harm' (DNSH) principle to prevent trade-offs between different environmental objectives.

APA

Setiawan, B., Pradono, P., Iskandar, Z. S., Fitriyanto, M., Hilman, D., Arrafisena, F., Shrivastava, M. K., Yamahaki, C., Breviglieri, G. V., & Keen, S. (2023). The Synergy between Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Cross-Country SNAPFI study. Climate Strategies. https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/231114_Report_Cross-Country.pdf

Chicago

Setiawan, Budhi, Pradono Pradono, Zahara Sitta Iskandar, M.S. Fitriyanto, Dadang Hilman, Farijzal Arrafisena, Manish Kumar Shrivastava, et al. The Synergy between Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Cross-Country SNAPFI study. Climate Strategies, 2023. https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/231114_Report_Cross-Country.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Setiawan |first1=Budhi |last2=Pradono |first2=Pradono |last3=Iskandar |first3=Zahara Sitta |last4=Fitriyanto |first4=M.S. |last5=Hilman |first5=Dadang |last6=Arrafisena |first6=Farijzal |last7=Shrivastava |first7=Manish Kumar |last8=Yamahaki |first8=Camila |last9=Breviglieri |first9=Gustavo Velloso |display-authors=etal |title=The Synergy between Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Cross-Country SNAPFI study |publisher=Climate Strategies |date=November 2023 |url=https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/231114_Report_Cross-Country.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{setiawan2023synergy, author = {Setiawan, Budhi and Pradono, Pradono and Iskandar, Zahara Sitta and Fitriyanto, M.S. and Hilman, Dadang and Arrafisena, Farijzal and Shrivastava, Manish Kumar and Yamahaki, Camila and Breviglieri, Gustavo Velloso and Keen, Samantha}, title = {{The Synergy between Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Cross-Country SNAPFI study}}, institution = {Climate Strategies}, year = {2023}, month = nov, url = {https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/231114_Report_Cross-Country.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }