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This 2011 report by the Stockholm Environment Institute, on behalf of the UNEP Bilateral Finance Institutions Climate Change Working Group (UNEP BFI CCWG), maps the public financial flows for climate change mitigation and adaptation to developing countries in 2010. It focuses on the commitments of four primary bilateral finance institutions (BFIs): Agence Française de Développement (AFD), European Investment Bank (EIB), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and KfW Entwicklungsbank.

This report by Friends of the Earth International critiques the World Bank's role in international climate finance, arguing that the institution's history of financing fossil fuels and deforestation contradicts its claims of leading climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.

The report 'The Carbon Rich List' by Sandbag analyzes the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) at a company level for 2008 and projections through 2012. It identifies a group of 'Carbon Fat Cats'—companies that received excessive free permit allocations, allowing them to generate windfall profits or bank permits for future use without reducing emissions. The report highlights a systemic imbalance where the power sector bears the burden of emissions reductions to compensate for industrial surpluses, and recommends tightening the scheme through higher targets, limited offsets, and improved company-level data reporting.

This research paper by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the financial requirements and potential mechanisms for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. It analyzes investment gaps, reviews existing funding sources under the UNFCCC and other multilateral initiatives, and evaluates various proposals for new funding streams, including market-based levies and institutional reforms, to support a post-2012 global climate regime.

This case study by the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) details a deep energy efficiency retrofit of the Empire State Building in New York City. The project focused on reducing thermal loads and upgrading systems to achieve significant energy savings and carbon reductions, utilizing an integrative design process and life cycle cost analysis to balance financial returns with environmental goals.

This report by the World Resources Institute (WRI) develops and pilots a replicable economic valuation methodology for coral reef ecosystem services in the Caribbean, specifically focusing on Tobago and St. Lucia. The study evaluates three primary services: reef-associated tourism and recreation, fisheries, and shoreline protection, providing lower-bound estimates of their contribution to local GDPs to inform sustainable coastal management and policy decisions.

This research paper examines the 'Goldenberg' scandal, a high-level financial conspiracy in Kenya between 1990 and 1993 involving senior officials of the Daniel Arap Moi administration and private wheeler-dealers. The scheme exploited government incentives for non-traditional exports and foreign exchange controls to siphon hundreds of millions of dollars from the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), contributing to severe economic instability and inflation.

The Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) submitted a core budget request for the 2003/2004 fiscal year, maintaining a total request of $939,170, identical to the previous year. The document outlines a 'zero growth' approach to operating expenses while proposing an 8% increase in member country contributions to avoid a cash deficit by 2005/2006.

This case study examines a proposed $2 million motor system upgrade at the Western Oil & Gas Company refinery in Richmond, California. Despite potential energy efficiency and reliability gains, the project faced internal hurdles including high operational risks, low strategic priority, and capital constraints due to other regulatory expenditures. The document explores how the involvement of an energy services company (ESCo) and a specialized financing firm provided the technical expertise and alternative funding structures—such as performance-based financing—necessary to make the project viable.

This report, produced by the Stockholm Environment Institute in November 2000, analyzes the management system of protected areas in Estonia. It evaluates administrative performance, financial resources, and management effectiveness, while comparing the Estonian system with Finnish practices and IUCN standards. The document identifies systemic inefficiencies, funding disparities, and the need for a more unified regional management structure to support the development of the Natura 2000 network.

This report evaluates a pilot project for the local management of rural electricity supply in Tanzania, specifically focusing on the Urambo Electric Consumers Co-operative Society (UECCO). It examines the transition from a state-managed utility model (TANESCO) to a community-managed cooperative, analyzing technical, financial, and sociological outcomes.

This case study examines the financial and accounting challenges faced by The Boeing Company after the City of Everett, Washington, required the company to pay over $50 million in environmental and social mitigation costs as a condition for expanding its aircraft production facility for the 777 jetliner. The document details the specific mitigation requirements, the legal framework of the Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA), and the internal conflict between Boeing's management accountants, tax group, and external auditors regarding whether these costs should be capitalized as assets or recorded as expenses.

This case study describes a fictitious company, MultiPaint, Inc. (MPI), which faces a crisis when toxic contamination is discovered at its idle downtown manufacturing site. Despite a recent marketing campaign emphasizing environmental safety, the company must navigate legal, financial, and public relations challenges while evaluating five distinct options for the contaminated property.

This case study examines Platanera Rio Sixaola, S.A., a small independent banana plantation in Costa Rica founded by Volker Ribniger. Despite becoming the first banana plantation in the world to earn Eco-OK certification from the Rainforest Alliance, the company faced significant financial challenges in 1994, with production costs exceeding revenues. The document details the environmental impacts of traditional banana monoculture, the specific sustainable practices implemented by Platanera Rio Sixaola, and the market pressures exerted by the 'Big Three' multinationals and European Community import quotas.

This policy brief by the African Forum and Network on Debt and Development examines resource-backed loans (RBLs) and the collateralisation of mineral resources in African countries. It explores how these financial mechanisms can unlock infrastructure funding for resource-rich but capital-poor nations, while warning of significant risks including debt sustainability crises, lack of transparency, and the erosion of competitive public procurement processes.

This briefing document, part of a sourcebook for the Caribbean water sector, examines the role of specialist climate finance and Official Development Assistance (ODA) in building climate resilience. It highlights the high economic costs of climate hazards in the region and outlines strategies for accessing global climate funds to support water efficiency, governance, and infrastructure climate-proofing.

This briefing outlines the financial requirements and strategies for achieving water security and climate resilience in Africa. It estimates the significant annual costs involved and proposes a blended financing approach that combines traditional water finance, official development assistance, and specialized climate funds to bridge the current investment gap.

The provided text is an excerpt from the Eskom Air Quality Improvement Plan, detailing the strategic framework, financial requirements, and operational risks associated with reducing emissions at Eskom power stations. It outlines a comprehensive plan for particulate, NOx, and SO2 emission reductions through technology retrofits and air quality offsets, while highlighting significant funding gaps and organizational challenges.

This fact sheet from the Climate Policy Initiative provides an overview of public adaptation finance flows, primarily for the year 2013, detailing the sources, instruments, sectors, and geographic destinations of these funds.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes climate finance flows in Ghana for 2019 and 2020, revealing a significant gap between the tracked annual average of USD 830 million and the estimated investment needs of USD 9.3-15.5 billion. The document details the dominance of public funding, the concentration of investments in the AFOLU and energy sectors, and the challenges associated with tracking private sector investments and adaptation finance.