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The report identifies opportunities to reduce direct emissions from the food, agriculture, and land use (FALU) sector in Southeast Asia by 1.9 billion tons of CO2-eq per year. It highlights that FALU is responsible for 54% of the region's total greenhouse gas emissions, with deforestation and peatland degradation acting as the primary drivers. The analysis emphasizes 'hotspots' where targeted interventions—such as protecting 20% of carbon-dense forests or improving rice cultivation on 20% of farms—can yield disproportionately high emissions savings. Key solutions include legal forest protection, non-continuous flooding in rice paddies, and improved nitrogen fertilizer management. The report also discusses indirect solutions like shifting diets toward the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet and reducing food loss and waste, while detailing co-benefits such as improved air quality, water security, and enhanced farmer incomes.

The report identifies critical areas in Indonesia where nature-based solutions (NbS)—specifically the conservation and restoration of forests and coastal ecosystems—can mitigate climate risks such as flooding, landslides, and coastal erosion. Using biophysical modeling, the study finds that protecting just 16% of the country's land area (those most impacted by infrastructure) can support climate resilience for 147 million people and 68% of the road network. It argues for integrating these spatial analyses into 'upstream' national and subnational infrastructure planning to avoid high-risk areas and invest in restoration, which could benefit over half the population and 53% of the road network. The report recommends mainstreaming NbS into the Medium and Long-Term Development Plans and the 2020-2040 Road Network General Plan.

The report evaluates the 'One School, 5 Hectares of Forest' initiative in Côte d'Ivoire, specifically a project at Collège moderne de Bougousso. Comparing Nature-Based Infrastructure (NBI) against grey infrastructure and business-as-usual scenarios, the assessment finds that reforestation provides a return of USD 7.50 in benefits for every USD 1 invested. These benefits include carbon sequestration, avoided flood damages, and USD 4,100 in additional income from agroforestry, which supports women's cooperatives.

The report evaluates the financial viability of five clean energy technologies in India: battery energy storage systems (BESSs), solar photovoltaic (PV), electric vehicles (EVs), offshore wind, and green hydrogen (GH2). While current subsidies are sufficient for solar PV and BESSs, significant funding gaps remain for offshore wind and green hydrogen. The analysis suggests that while the government does not need to fund the entire cost gap due to potential private sector catalysis, international climate finance and policy reforms are essential to meet 2030 goals.

The report evaluates the Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture Capacity and System Strengthening (NSA CASE) project (2019–2024) in Ethiopia's Oromia, Amhara, and Somali regions. Using the Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) methodology, the analysis finds that investing in nature-based infrastructure—such as drought-tolerant crops, perennial fruit trees, and moisture-harvesting technologies—can yield a return of up to USD 2.37 for every USD 1 invested over 26 years. This total benefit is estimated at USD 46 billion (ETB 5,161 billion), encompassing avoided costs from floods and droughts, increased agricultural productivity, carbon storage, and reduced malnutrition.

The document provides a technical framework for calculating the 'cost gap'—the marginal cost differential between clean energy technologies and their conventional benchmarks—for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), offshore wind, solar PV, electric vehicles (EVs), and green hydrogen in India. It outlines the specific input parameters, learning rates, and benchmarks used for each technology. Furthermore, it describes the application of the Green Economy Model (GEM), a system dynamics tool, to simulate how varying levels of public funding (e.g., 30% or 100% of the cost gap) influence India's GDP, employment, and emissions through feedback loops involving energy spending, air pollution, and labor productivity.

The report analyzes the cost gaps for battery energy storage systems (BESSs), offshore wind, solar PV, electric vehicles (EVs), and green hydrogen (GH2) in India. It finds that while current subsidies are sufficient for solar PV and BESSs, significant additional support is needed for offshore wind, EVs, and GH2. Macroeconomic modeling suggests that bridging these gaps generally boosts GDP and employment, except for GH2, which remains cost-uncompetitive until after 2050.

The report analyzes the impact of the Projet d'Aquaculture Durable à Madagascar (PADM) across six regions, comparing extensive rice-fish farming with intensive aquaculture systems. It finds that extensive systems outperform intensive ones by 36% when negative externalities are included in the valuation.

The report evaluates the economic and environmental benefits of nature-based infrastructure (NBI) in Kenya, specifically within the Integrated Natural Resources Management Programme (INReMP). It finds that NBI investments yield a return of USD 1.71 to 1.91 for every dollar spent, with the highest gains coming from agroforestry and drought mitigation.

The report evaluates the cost-benefit ratio of implementing 1,000 hectares of agroforestry in Eswatini across three dam locations. It finds that nature-based infrastructure (NBI) provides a positive return on investment, yielding between USD 1.46 and 1.52 in benefits for every USD 1 invested, driven by drought mitigation, increased crop production, and carbon sequestration.

The report evaluates the effectiveness of nature-based infrastructure (NBI) and hybrid infrastructure in 12,000 hectares across the Lambussie, Wa West, Lawra, and Jirapa districts of Ghana. Comparing a reference scenario of no action against NBI and hybrid interventions, the analysis finds that both NBI and hybrid options effectively mitigate floods and droughts across various Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). Specifically, reforestation of a 3,500-hectare area in one district reduced flood risk by 46.7%.

The report finds that the Government of Canada is providing an inefficient fossil fuel subsidy to the oil industry by charging transportation tolls on the Trans Mountain Pipeline (TMP) that are significantly below marketplace costs. Using three different valuation methods, the report estimates the total subsidy to be between CAD 8.7 billion and CAD 18.8 billion, which translates to a cost of CAD 581 to CAD 1,255 per Canadian household. The analysis concludes that the project fails all criteria for an 'efficient' subsidy and that the overall cost-benefit analysis shows a net cost to Canada of CAD 23.1 billion. To phase out this subsidy, the author recommends either raising tolls to economic levels or implementing a cost-recovery levy of CAD 1.00 to CAD 2.00 per barrel on Western Canadian oil shipments.

The enee.io energy monitoring system identified that a 48V VRLA battery bank in Lagos, Nigeria, was being overcharged, reaching a maximum of 2.35vpc (56.4v) and remaining there indefinitely. This overcharging caused energy loss of 6.2kWh per day and reduced the estimated battery life from 4.0 years to 2.1 years. By adjusting voltage regulation and implementing ongoing monitoring, the system estimates total daily savings of $7.12, consisting of $4.64 from extended battery life and $2.48 from reduced diesel consumption. The enee.io system, costing $340 USD for hardware and the first year's subscription, offers a projected return on investment of 48 days.

The report examines the case for eco-certification in Manitoba's commercial fisheries, highlighting the risk of losing international markets—particularly in Europe and the US—due to a lack of certification. It analyzes the costs and benefits for different lake sizes, noting that larger lakes see a higher return on investment. The document also discusses socio-economic and ecological co-benefits, such as improved stock health and community pride, while emphasizing the need to respect Indigenous Knowledge systems. It concludes with seven recommendations for the provincial government to prioritize funding and staffing to support the certification process.

The document outlines a SAVi assessment for a proposed MRT system in Pampanga, Philippines, consisting of four bus rapid transit (BRT) lines and one light rail transit (LRT) line. It employs system dynamics modelling and causal loop diagrams to compare a 'no action' scenario against the MRT implementation, identifying potential co-benefits such as reduced CO2 emissions, decreased traffic congestion, and increased regional connectivity. The assessment provides a detailed set of assumptions and data sources for calculating capital costs, operational revenues, and avoided costs related to health, accidents, and fuel use.

The report assesses three intervention scenarios for the Pandarachirathodu Canal in Kochi, India, to combat degradation, pollution, and flooding. It finds that all three scenarios—ranging from a hybrid 'integrated wetland technology' (IWT) to a comprehensive biodiversity park—are investment worthy. While the highest net benefits (INR 325-331 million) are achieved by combining IWT with nature-based interventions like mangroves and floating wetlands, the highest benefit-to-cost ratio is found in the baseline IWT scenario, yielding INR 9.78 in net benefits for every INR 1 invested.

The Nature-Based Infrastructure (NBI) Global Resource Centre assessed the economic viability of nature-based interventions in Costa Rica's Reventazón River basin. The analysis indicates that a pilot project involving reforestation, agroforestry, and contoured croplands would yield a net benefit of USD 3.17 million, with a return of USD 1.23 for every dollar invested. A scaled-up, basin-wide approach is estimated to generate a net benefit of USD 6.31 million over 30 years.

The Nature-Based Infrastructure Global Resource Centre analyzed the Bring Back Our Trees project in Kasese, Uganda, which aims to reforest 30,270 hectares to combat climate-driven floods and landslides. The analysis found that the nature-based infrastructure approach generates a total net benefit of USD 69.1 million, providing a return of USD 5.44 for every dollar invested. Beyond flood mitigation, the interventions support carbon sequestration, biodiversity, job creation, and soil erosion prevention.

The report evaluates a proposed land restoration project in Burkina Faso using nature-based infrastructure (NBI) to address severe land degradation and climate-driven displacement. The analysis finds that NBI outperforms grey infrastructure, offering a return of USD 14.8 in benefits for every USD 1 invested, while providing significant carbon storage and reducing conflict by stabilizing rural livelihoods.

The document argues that Ukraine's reconstruction presents a 'watershed moment' to build a climate-resilient society, specifically through energy-efficient residential building. It warns against the 'international technocracy' and corruption seen in Bosnia and Herzegovina's recovery and the implementation delays and inefficient grant usage observed in Croatia's post-earthquake reconstruction under the NextGenerationEU program. The author analyzes the EUR 50 billion Ukraine Facility and the Ukraine Plan, suggesting a targeted funding strategy where grants are prioritized for cost-effective multi-family homes to reduce payback periods and attract investors, while low concessional loans are used for single-family homes.