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The report examines the transition of North Sea oil and gas producers toward net-zero or complete phase-out scenarios. It identifies government as the primary actor responsible for managing these transitions and emphasizes the need for participatory governance to overcome industry resistance. The analysis highlights that while the three countries share a geography, their different levels of economic dependency on fossil fuels lead to divergent transition stages and enabling conditions.

The report identifies a gap between Indonesia's international climate pledges and its domestic energy policies, which continue to favor coal. It highlights a governance model characterized by sectoral silos, informal decision-making influenced by politically exposed persons (PEPs) from the coal sector, and significant financing shortfalls for renewable energy.

The report analyzes South Africa's Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) using a 'two-level game' framework to examine the interaction between international diplomacy and domestic politics. While the JETP provided a country-led platform to articulate financial needs and accelerated conversations on NDC implementation, it has faced significant hurdles. These include a lack of transparency from the International Partners Group (IPG), a contested domestic political landscape characterized by ministerial 'turf wars', and a financial package heavily weighted toward loans rather than grants. The study highlights that the JETP's success depends on South Africa's ability to build institutional capacity and deliver on implementation to maintain international credibility, while the IPG must provide more transparent and justice-oriented funding.

The report argues that while Bangladesh must transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon economy, this process requires 'just transition' planning to prevent negative impacts on vulnerable individuals. It recommends enhancing inter-ministerial coordination, broadening the use of climate finance to include social support, and implementing restorative justice in worker reskilling programs to include women, youth, and poor communities. Additionally, it calls for the education sector to prepare youth for the green economy and for Bangladesh to advocate in international forums for accountability from high-emitting countries regarding social, cultural, and economic losses.

The authors argue that the EU's current net-zero industry plans are insufficient and propose broadening the scope to include basic material production, introducing a charge on basic materials to raise approximately €50 billion annually for a sovereign wealth fund, and implementing a governance framework that links funding to national reform agendas.

The report argues that current NDCs and financial frameworks are insufficient to reach net-zero emissions, particularly in developing and emerging economies facing high debt. It proposes nine principles for international climate finance, emphasizing that developed countries must scale up support based on common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR). Key recommendations include adopting bottom-up, sector-specific finance needs, utilizing innovative mechanisms like debt-for-climate swaps, and aligning finance with national policy processes to avoid carbon lock-ins. The report highlights the importance of 'just transitions' and the synergy between mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage funding.

The document identifies a significant financing gap for Colombia's climate goals and argues that a Just Transition requires dedicated investment in labor retraining, social protection, and regional diversification. It analyzes the current distribution of climate finance—dominated by public resources (67%)—and suggests leveraging innovative tools like sovereign green bonds and carbon tax revenues to ensure stability and equity in the transition.

The report utilizes the REPO and E3ME-FTT:Power models to project China's power sector transition. Both models predict the eventual dominance of wind and solar power, though they differ on the specific technology mix and cost trajectories. The analysis emphasizes that market-based pricing and a robust Emission Trading System (ETS) are critical for supporting carbon neutrality goals, while highlighting the essential role of large-scale energy storage and carbon capture technologies to maintain system stability and reach net-zero emissions.

The report argues that while Bangladesh must transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy, this process must be 'just' to avoid harming vulnerable groups. It examines three key sectors: the ready-made garments (RMG) sector, which faces environmental and labour rights challenges; the energy sector, which is shifting from fossil fuels to renewables; and the agricultural sector, which is highly vulnerable to climate change and shifting toward commercial agribusiness. The document emphasizes that a just transition requires inclusive stakeholder dialogue, reskilling of workers, gender-sensitive policies, and increased international climate finance to support social protection and infrastructure.

The report examines the necessity of a 'just transition' in Bangladesh, focusing on the energy, agriculture, and ready-made garment (RMG) sectors. It highlights that while Bangladesh has various climate policies, they often lack a focus on the social impacts on marginalized populations. The document identifies specific vulnerabilities in the RMG sector (water pollution and labor rights), the energy sector (dependence on fossil fuels and air pollution), and agriculture (climate-induced crop loss and land insecurity). It recommends integrating social justice, inclusive education, and targeted financial support into climate strategies to prevent further marginalization of women, youth, and poor workers during the green transition.

The document outlines a framework for transitioning Ghana's transport sector—which accounts for approximately 22.6% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions—to a low-carbon model while ensuring social equity. It emphasizes the need for participatory planning, awareness-raising, and the development of a socially inclusive vision to protect vulnerable workers, particularly those in the informal sector. The toolkit proposes a transition timeline from 2022 to 2070, aiming for all road and rail mobility to be electricity and hydrogen-fuelled by 2070. It also identifies significant financing gaps, noting that an estimated USD 22.6 billion is needed for 31 climate actions, and recommends inter-ministerial coordination and public-private partnerships to secure funding for both technical infrastructure and social support measures.

The document outlines a framework for a Just Transition (TJ) in Colombia, emphasizing the need to manage the shift toward a low-carbon economy without exacerbating existing social inequalities. It identifies the mining and fossil fuel sectors as the most vulnerable due to their significant contribution to exports and employment. The guide recommends strengthening governance through a dedicated TJ Committee, improving social dialogue, reforming the labor market to address high informality, and diversifying regional economies. It also highlights the necessity of mobilizing financial resources to close the funding gap for Colombia's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).

The report examines India's energy transition, comparing three models (MARKAL, EPS, and E3ME-FTT) to project electricity demand and the optimal generation mix for deep decarbonisation by 2050. It argues that decarbonisation is compatible with economic growth, potentially creating millions of net jobs and providing environmental co-benefits like reduced air pollution and water savings. However, it highlights significant risks, including land scarcity for solar projects, the need for massive green finance, and the challenge of a just transition for coal-dependent regions.

The report argues that while Bangladesh must transition to a low-carbon economy to combat extreme climate vulnerability, this process must be 'just' to avoid marginalizing vulnerable workers and communities. It examines three key sectors: the ready-made garments (RMG) sector, which contributes 12% of GDP but faces severe environmental and labor issues; the energy sector, which is heavily dependent on gas (60%) and oil (30%) but aims for 30% renewable energy; and the agricultural sector, where 48.4% of the population is employed and faces significant losses from cyclones and sea-level rise. The document emphasizes that a just transition requires cross-ministerial coordination, reskilling programs, inclusive education, and expanded climate finance to support those displaced by green reforms.

The document outlines a roadmap for Indonesia to transition to a low-carbon economy without leaving vulnerable workers and communities behind. It defines the dimensions of just transition—procedural, distributive, and restorative—and provides a set of principles and a planning checklist. The guide analyses Indonesia's current policy landscape, highlighting the dominance of the energy sector in transition discussions and the need for a more cross-sectoral approach. It also presents international case studies from Germany, Canada, Sweden, the USA, and Australia to illustrate different leadership models and outcomes. Key recommendations include establishing a national governing body, creating a centralised database of affected workers, and enhancing social dialogue to ensure inclusive decision-making.

The report analyzes how EU and G7 sanctions on Russian coal imports have disrupted the Kuzbass region, which produces over 55% of Russia's coal. It details the region's high economic dependency on coal, the logistical challenges of redirecting exports to Asia, and the risks of social unrest due to potential job losses. The document presents three future scenarios (Reference, Soft, and Hard) through 2030, projecting significant declines in production, revenue, and employment under the 'Hard' scenario, while noting that reduced coal activity may lower methane and CO2 emissions.

The document outlines the principles of a just transition, drawing on international case studies from Germany, Canada, Sweden, the US, and Australia to inform Indonesia's approach. It identifies key challenges in Indonesia, such as the lack of centralized data on affected workers and the need for cross-sectoral coordination. The guide proposes specific actions for government, non-governmental actors, and businesses, and introduces the Energy Transition Mechanism Country Platform (ETM-CP) and the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) as primary financial frameworks for Indonesia's energy shift.

The report analyzes Russia's climate policy, specifically the 2021 Low Carbon Strategy and the Law on Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. It argues that these frameworks are 'imitational,' serving as a facade to maintain the international image of leadership while shielding fossil-fuel elites from actual emission reductions. Key failures identified include scientifically unfounded reliance on forest carbon sinks, a history of 'ghosted' energy-efficiency targets, and a lack of transparent verification or additionality criteria for carbon projects. The authors conclude that the current 'dual state' system, where informal elite interests override formal legislation, makes genuine carbon neutrality unlikely without systemic political and economic change.

The report analyzes how the Russian War in Ukraine and subsequent Western sanctions have disrupted decades of energy diplomacy. While Russian crude oil exports proved resilient by redirecting volumes to India and China, the gas sector faced a severe crisis due to its reliance on European pipelines. The document details the use of 'shadow fleets' and blending to circumvent oil price caps and the limited feasibility of redirecting pipeline gas. It concludes that Russia is becoming increasingly dependent on China and that the focus on survival and new fossil fuel markets has marginalized its domestic low-carbon agenda.

The report identifies a significant financing gap for Colombia's climate goals and argues that a just transition (JT) requires dedicated investment in socio-economic mitigation, such as re-skilling and regional diversification. While 67% of climate finance currently comes from public sources, the report notes that the 2023 national budget is not yet aligned with JT priorities. It suggests leveraging private green portfolios, international aid, sovereign green bonds, and carbon tax revenues to bridge this gap, while recommending the creation of a social taxonomy to ensure investments are socially responsible.