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This report by Ember, developed for the Global Offshore Wind Alliance (GOWA), provides a comprehensive analysis of global offshore wind targets across national, subnational, and regional levels. It examines current ambitions, deployment projections for 2030, and the potential for expansion in countries without existing targets, while highlighting the gap between political ambitions and projected delivery.

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) provides recommendations to the British government regarding the North Sea's energy transition, advocating for a managed decline of oil and gas production aligned with 1.5°C goals.

This briefing by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) examines the environmental, climate, health, and financial risks associated with the decommissioning of offshore oil and gas infrastructure. It highlights how improper closure and the proliferation of abandoned wells lead to methane leaks and toxic contamination, while corporate strategies and regulatory loopholes often shift the massive financial burden of cleanup from operators to the public.

This research paper by Ember analyzes draft National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) from EU Member States to determine if current national ambitions align with the REPowerEU plan and the Fit-for-55 package. The analysis finds that while renewable energy targets have increased significantly since 2019, the EU is still projected to fall short of its 2030 goals for renewable electricity share, solar capacity, and wind capacity.

A report by Global Energy Monitor arguing that new oil and gas developments in the UK North Sea are incompatible with the UK's carbon budgets and global climate goals, specifically the 1.5°C warming limit.

A statement by the Center for International Environmental Law outlining the necessary conditions for COP26 to achieve real climate ambition, arguing that success requires the phase-out of fossil fuels, equitable financial support for developing nations, and the rejection of 'false solutions' like carbon offsets and geoengineering.

This briefing by Ember compares three expert modeling scenarios—from the Climate Change Committee (CCC), National Grid, and Energy Systems Catapult (ESC)—to demonstrate that the UK can phase out unabated gas-fired electricity generation by 2035 or sooner. The report argues that such a transition is essential for meeting the UK's legislated carbon targets, would reduce dependence on expensive imported gas, and would support a green industrial revolution through the expansion of renewables and energy storage.

This fact sheet details a EUR 500 million green bond issued by Energie Baden-Württemberg AG (EnBW) on October 3, 2018, with a 15-year tenor and a coupon of 1.875 percent.

This pre-issuance verification letter, produced by Sustainalytics in 2018, confirms that KBC's green bond conforms to the Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Marine Renewable Energy, and Low Carbon Buildings criteria of the Climate Bonds Standard Version 2.1. The bond's proceeds are intended to finance onshore wind parks in Wallonia and Flanders, offshore wind parks in the North Sea, an onshore solar project in Flanders, and residential mortgage loans for energy-efficient buildings in Flanders.

This statement from the Climate Bonds Initiative responds to a European Union consultation on the Capital Markets Union, arguing that the EU must take active steps beyond supporting market guidelines to scale the green bond market. The document outlines how existing EU tools and priority areas—such as SME financing, securitisation, and the European Fund for Strategic Investments—can be leveraged to close significant low-carbon investment gaps in the EU and globally.

This 1999 report analyzes the economics of greenhouse gas mitigation in Ecuador, forecasting CO2 emission trends up to 2030. It highlights a history of economic instability and a heavy reliance on oil, while proposing a mitigation scenario that could reduce CO2 emissions by 15 million tons. The study finds that the industry sector offers the highest mitigation potential, while the transport sector is the most difficult to abate. It also examines the sensitivity of various economic sectors to energy price increases, noting that the chemical and power sectors are most vulnerable.

This policy brief by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) argues that offshore carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an unproven and risky strategy that delays the transition from fossil fuels. It highlights that proposed projects in areas like the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea face significant leakage risks due to legacy oil and gas wellbores and a history of poor offshore infrastructure monitoring. The document asserts that CCS often fails to meet emission reduction targets, frequently serves enhanced oil recovery, and relies on public subsidies that divert funds from renewable energy.

This report by Ember analyzes the North Sea's position as the world's largest offshore wind basin, detailing its current capacity, recent installation records, and the strategic necessity of international collaboration to overcome supply chain challenges and enhance European energy security.

A SAVi analysis comparing a 9.5 GW offshore wind farm in the North Sea to a 9.5 GW coal plant finds that while coal appears more profitable under business-as-usual conditions, offshore wind is significantly more attractive when accounting for externalities and climate risks. Under a scenario including a 1.5°C temperature increase and a carbon tax of EUR 16.27/MWh, the coal plant's internal rate of return (IRR) drops to 0%, while the wind farm maintains an IRR of 16.61% and a lower levelized cost of electricity (EUR 65.22/MWh vs EUR 185.92/MWh for coal).