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Fiji's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is designed as a continuous, iterative process to integrate climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction into sub-national development planning. The approach emphasizes inclusive partnerships across government, civil society, and the private sector, as well as horizontal and vertical integration to mainstream climate concerns across all ministries and local community needs. Key milestones include the 2017 creation of the NAP Framework and the accreditation of the Fiji Development Bank to the Green Climate Fund.

Jamaica is implementing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) approach that involves developing 12 sector-specific strategies and action plans, including investment plans and M&E frameworks. This process is guided by the National Development Plan, Vision 2030, and coordinated by the Climate Change Division and the Climate Change Focal Point Network to avoid 'silo' effects and ensure mainstreaming across government ministries. Key milestones since 2009 include the establishment of the Climate Change Division and the completion of the Forestry Sector Strategy and Action Plan.

Albania is mainstreaming climate adaptation into its national budget by utilizing the Medium Term Budget Program (MTBP) 2018–2020 as a primary entry point. Following the ratification of the Paris Agreement, the Ministry of Finance required line ministries to identify measurable climate-related objectives and costs. To support this, Albania launched a pilot exercise involving the ministries of Agriculture, Interior, Environment, and Urban Development to label adaptation measures and develop new initiatives. The government aims to spend at least USD 5 million from the public budget for NAP implementation by 2018 and is considering the adoption of OECD Rio Markers to improve the tracking and reporting of adaptation expenditures.

Togo has adopted a government-wide, multisectoral approach to climate change adaptation, treating it as a development issue central to its Vision 2030 goals. The country is systematically mainstreaming adaptation into national planning and the domestic budget, led by the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Key climate threats identified include heatwaves, droughts, floods, rainfall variability, and sea level rise, affecting priority sectors such as agriculture, coastal zones, health, human settlements, and water.

Albania implemented a pilot exercise to mainstream climate change adaptation into its 2018-2020 Medium-Term Budget Process, involving seven budget programs across four ministries. The process focused on identifying adaptation measures at various levels of government programming and improving the tracking of expenditures through the national financial system. The government intends to use this data for reporting to the UNFCCC and the European Union, with a long-term goal of potentially establishing a multi-sectoral government program on climate change if the mainstreaming process is deemed successful by international assessments.

The workshop, attended by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MEFCC) staff, focused on creating an action plan to communicate Ethiopia's NAP process. Participants developed messages for international entities like the UNFCCC and multilateral donors, emphasizing the need for technical and financial support. The group identified priority channels including the MEFCC website, policy briefs, and social media for international reach, while noting that radio, television, and clan leaders are essential for reaching national audiences due to limited internet usage and linguistic diversity.

The report details a workshop conducted by the NAP Global Network with the Ethiopian government to transition from the finalization of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP-ETH) to its implementation. It outlines five strategic priorities for adaptation: mainstreaming into policies, building institutional capacity, establishing sustainable funding, advancing research, and improving knowledge management. The document also assesses the opportunities and challenges regarding vertical integration, noting that while political commitment and existing governance structures are strengths, financial constraints and capacity gaps at sub-national levels remain significant hurdles.

This policy brief argues that climate change adaptation is only effective and sustainable if it accounts for gender differences in vulnerability, needs, and capacities. It defines gender-responsive approaches as those that actively address gender norms and inequalities to promote equality, rather than just acknowledging differences. The brief outlines a framework for integrating gender across the NAP cycle—planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)—and across enabling factors like institutional arrangements and capacity development. A pilot review of NAP documents from 15 countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas found that while gender is often recognized as a factor or cross-cutting issue, there is a lack of detailed steps for implementation and resource allocation.

The document argues that gender-responsive National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes are essential for effective and sustainable climate adaptation, as women often face unique barriers to resources and information. It defines gender-responsive approaches as those that actively challenge unfair norms and structures to promote equality, rather than merely acknowledging differences. The provided framework outlines specific actions across the NAP cycle—planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)—as well as enabling factors like institutional arrangements and capacity building. A pilot review of NAP documents from 15 countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas found that while gender is often recognized as a vulnerability factor or cross-cutting theme, there is a lack of detailed implementation steps and resource allocation strategies.

The document argues that gender equality is a human right and a prerequisite for sustainable climate adaptation, as women and men experience climate impacts differently and face distinct barriers to resources. It defines 'gender-responsive' approaches as those that actively challenge gender norms and inequalities rather than just acknowledging differences. The briefing provides a detailed framework for NAP teams, covering planning (e.g., using sex-disaggregated data), implementation (e.g., gender-responsive budgeting), and monitoring and evaluation (e.g., tracking women's empowerment). A pilot study of NAP documents from 15 countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas found that while gender is often recognized as a cross-cutting issue, there is a lack of specific detail on implementation and resource allocation.

The document details the outcomes of a two-day assembly in May 2017 aimed at advancing Colombia's National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change (PNACC). It identifies critical gaps in institutional continuity, financing, and the integration of local community knowledge, while highlighting the role of regional nodes and international cooperation in bridging these gaps. The report emphasizes the need to transition from a top-down approach to a transversal network that fosters bidirectional communication between national entities and territorial actors.

The NAP Global Network conducted a pilot review of NAP-related documents in 15 countries, finding that while most countries include gender as a cross-cutting theme or principle, significant gaps remain. Key issues include the tendency to frame women solely as vulnerable groups rather than agents of change, a lack of transparency regarding the gender balance of participants in the planning process, and inconsistent integration of gender into specific adaptation options and monitoring and evaluation frameworks.

The document highlights Peru's vulnerability to climate events, citing the severe impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the high economic risks of climate change. It advocates for the implementation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to build resilience in priority sectors including water, agriculture, fisheries, forests, and health.

The Republic of the Sudan has implemented a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) that emphasizes vertical integration by building the capacity of its 18 state-level governments to lead adaptation action. Efforts have focused on establishing state-level planning bodies, providing downscaled climate data and vulnerability assessments, and delivering technical training on climate modelling and financing. While state governments hold significant legislative and executive authority, the document notes that financial decentralization remains limited. In the Eastern States (Kassala, Red Sea, and Al Qadarif), adaptation plans specifically target agriculture, water, and coastal zones, while highlighting women's empowerment as a key enabling factor.

The document highlights South Africa's commitment to vertical integration in climate adaptation planning, specifically through the Let’s Respond Toolkit. This platform provides local governments and stakeholders with practical tools, technical data, and planning supports to develop Climate Change Response Plans. Future strategies include establishing provincial forums and appointing local climate change champions to improve two-way communication with communities.

The document argues that NAPs, NDCs, and SDGs are mutually reinforcing frameworks for climate-resilient development. It provides a four-quadrant framework to help countries align their NDC adaptation components with their NAP processes, depending on the progress of each. Furthermore, it positions the NAP process as an operational bridge to the SDGs, specifically targets 13.1 and 13.2, and demonstrates how sector-specific adaptation in agriculture, infrastructure, and marine resources aligns with various SDG goals. The authors emphasize the need for operational alignment through cross-referencing priorities, harmonizing indicators, and coordinating reporting structures to maximize resources and political support.

The briefing outlines three core areas of challenge and opportunity for national monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of adaptation: stakeholder engagement, methods and tools, and resources. It emphasizes that effective M&E is essential for accountability, adaptive management, and climate-resilient development. Key recommendations include involving diverse stakeholders in system design to foster ownership, utilizing SMART indicators and existing baseline data, and mobilizing diverse funding sources such as the GCF readiness program to address capacity and financial gaps.

The document defines vertical integration as the creation of strategic linkages between national and sub-national actors to ensure climate adaptation is coordinated across all levels of government and society. It identifies institutional arrangements, information sharing, and capacity development as the three key enabling factors for this process. The brief emphasizes that while decentralization provides a strong foundation for vertical integration by applying the principle of subsidiarity, countries with less advanced decentralization must find alternative ways to engage local organizations and communities to ensure adaptation benefits reach the most vulnerable groups.

The document defines vertical integration in the context of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) as the creation of strategic links between national and subnational levels of climate adaptation. It argues that involving subnational actors—including local authorities, organizations, and communities—is essential for integrating climate adaptation into policies and supporting vulnerable groups. The process relies on three key enabling factors: institutional agreements, information exchange, and capacity development. Furthermore, the text highlights that existing national decentralization efforts provide a critical foundation for this integration, as they establish the necessary mechanisms for transferring resources and decision-making power to the lowest feasible administrative level.

The document defines vertical integration as the process of linking national and sub-national adaptation planning to ensure that climate considerations are integrated across all levels of government. It identifies three essential factors for success: institutional arrangements, information sharing, and capacity building. The text emphasizes that decentralization provides a critical foundation for this integration by delegating power and resources to the local level, where climate risks are most localized. It argues that an effective NAP process requires a mix of top-down and bottom-up approaches, necessitating collaboration between national coordinators, sub-national authorities, and local communities.