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In 2015, Côte d’Ivoire received FCFA 16.8 billion in REDD+ aligned finance, a small fraction of the estimated FCFA 173 billion needed annually to reach its 2030 forest cover target. The report highlights a significant gap between ambition and means, noting that 87% of relevant international finance (FCFA 80 billion) was 'grey'—meaning it lacked safeguards to prevent deforestation. Key institutional bottlenecks include SODEFOR's inability to execute its reforestation budget and a lack of mainstreaming of forest protection in national planning. The report argues that 'greening' existing agricultural finance could increase aligned funding five-fold. It recommends creating a National REDD+ Fund, improving land tenure security, and leveraging the success of the OIPR's debt-swap funding model.

The report finds that finance for energy access is significantly below the levels required to meet SDG 7 by 2030. Annual electricity commitments in 20 high-impact countries averaged $19.4 billion, far short of the estimated $45 billion needed. Clean cooking finance is described as 'shockingly low,' averaging just $32 million per year against an estimated need of $4.4 billion. The analysis highlights a heavy bias toward grid-connected infrastructure and a critical lack of funding for decentralized solutions, which receive only 1% of electricity finance. It also notes significant disbursement delays in 69% of electricity commitments. The report recommends integrated policy approaches, increased support for decentralized energy enterprises, and bold, market-based strategies for clean cooking fuels.

The document details the methodology for the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2017, defining climate finance as capital flows for low-carbon and climate-resilient development. It specifies the inclusion of mitigation, adaptation, and dual-benefit finance while excluding fossil fuel-based lower-carbon generation and private R&D. The accounting scope focuses on annual financial commitments, covering grants, loans, equity, and balance sheet financing, while excluding risk management instruments and secondary market transactions to avoid double counting. It further defines the classification of public and private finance, the data sources used (such as BNEF and OECD), and the sectoral breakdowns for mitigation and adaptation activities.

The document highlights a significant financing gap for cities in developing countries, where fewer than 20% have access to local capital markets and only 4% can access international markets. While the global green bond market grew exponentially from USD 3.2 billion in 2012 to USD 44 billion in 2015, only USD 2.3 billion has been linked to city-based projects in developing countries. The guide outlines two primary strategies for accessing these funds: direct issuance for creditworthy cities (potentially using guarantees or cornerstone buyers) and indirect access for others by aligning projects with the frameworks of multilateral development banks, commercial banks, or corporations.

A study by NAPC/CPI found that rural settlements were responsible for 30% of deforestation in the Amazon region in 2014. Notably, Environmentally Differentiated Settlement Projects (PAADs), designed for sustainable production, accounted for 15% of total Amazon deforestation, representing half of the impact caused by all rural settlements.

India requires $189 billion in additional investment to meet its 2022 renewable energy targets, with a specific need for $57 billion in equity and $132 billion in debt. While the total investment potential is $411 billion, expected investment is only $166 billion, leaving a gap of $23 billion. Foreign institutional investors have the capacity to fill 100% of the equity gap, and domestic institutional investors can meet 54% of the debt gap. However, significant barriers persist, including off-taker risk, currency volatility, and a lack of liquid investment instruments. The report proposes financial solutions such as payment security mechanisms, foreign exchange hedging facilities, and infrastructure debt funds, alongside policy reforms in land acquisition and transmission capacity.

The paper finds that Rural Settlements were responsible for 30% of total deforestation in the Amazon Biome in 2014. While traditional and colonization settlements showed only a correlation with deforestation due to their location on the agricultural frontier, 'Special Settlements'—those with environmental conditions—had a statistically significant positive impact on deforestation. This is attributed to their placement in remote, high-forest-coverage areas where any clearing for agricultural production represents a significant increase in local deforestation rates.

Research by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and PUC-Rio indicates that rural settlements were responsible for 30% of deforestation in the Amazon region in 2014. The study highlights that 'special settlements', intended to promote sustainable production, contributed 15% of the total deforestation caused by all rural settlements. While Brazil successfully reduced large-scale clearings between 2004 and 2014 using the DETER satellite-monitoring system, small-scale clearings associated with rural farmers and ranchers became a more prominent driver of forest loss.

The study finds that the penetration of flex-fuel vehicles increased competition among fuel stations, leading to a reduction in retail prices and margins for both ethanol and gasoline. The effect was more pronounced for ethanol. While the price correlation between the two fuels increased, the authors found no strong evidence that the price spread between gasoline and ethanol decreased as flex-fuel adoption grew. Structural estimation suggests that pass-through from costs to prices is approximately 0.5, consistent with oligopoly theory.

This report examines the historical and systemic issues of land tenure in rural Brazil, highlighting how irregular property rights, fragmented registration systems, and the lack of a unified cartographic base contribute to social conflict, illegal deforestation, and challenges in implementing the Forest Code.

The report finds that public finance for REDD+ objectives in Côte d’Ivoire is severely insufficient, with 2015 investments of FCFA 16.8 billion representing a small fraction of the estimated FCFA 173 billion annual need for the 2030 forest cover target. A significant amount of public funding (FCFA 84.2 billion) is classified as 'grey finance'—agricultural intensification that lacks safeguards and may drive deforestation. The analysis highlights critical gaps in national planning, underfunding of land-use planning and land tenure, and institutional weaknesses in agencies like SODEFOR. It argues that 'greening' existing agricultural finance and creating a National REDD+ Fund could significantly increase aligned investment.

The report examines the relationship between policy design and investor behavior in the European renewable energy sector. It argues that a diverse range of investors—from small households to large utilities—can lower the overall cost of capital, but that policy choices (such as the shift from feed-in tariffs to auctions) can either encourage or exclude specific investor groups. The document provides comparative analysis of the UK, Germany, Iberia, and the Nordic region, highlighting how different regulatory environments have led to varying levels of deployment and cost-effectiveness across solar PV, onshore wind, and offshore wind technologies.

This working paper by the Climate Policy Initiative, supported by PILAR and UNPAR, proposes a framework for district-level natural capital assessment in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It argues that current land valuations underestimate the true value of ecosystem services and are hindered by inconsistent government regulations and data gaps. The paper recommends a pilot assessment in Kotawaringin Timur due to its high concentration of palm oil infrastructure and critical high conservation value areas.

The assessment finds that over half of Central Kalimantan consists of high conservation value (HCV) areas, with nearly two-thirds of these areas threatened by planned development. The report details the distribution of biodiversity-critical areas, large natural landscapes, ecosystem transition zones, and rare or endangered ecosystems across various districts to support their integration into regional policy and business licensing.

This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative examines barriers to agricultural productivity and natural resource management in Mozambique. It identifies bureaucratic delays in tax and trade administration, limited access to credit for small farmers, and gaps in energy and irrigation infrastructure as primary obstacles. The authors propose low-cost policy modifications, including streamlining government administration, developing public-private partnerships, prioritizing key infrastructure, and increasing revenue-sharing mechanisms for community-led natural resource protection.

The paper argues that current land valuation in Indonesia fails to account for critical ecosystem services such as carbon stocks and water provision, leading to suboptimal land-use decisions. It proposes a new valuation approach combining GIS, participatory methods, and expert opinion to align conflicting government regulations. The authors specifically highlight Kotawaringin Timur as a priority area for this approach due to its high deforestation rates, significant concentration of palm oil mills, and the presence of 27,502 hectares of high conservation value areas that are currently under-protected.

The study identifies that over half of Central Kalimantan's land area consists of High Conservation Value (HCV) zones, with approximately 61.6% of these areas currently threatened by planned development. The analysis focuses on five specific HCV categories—protected areas, large natural landscapes, transition ecosystems, rare/endangered ecosystems, and specific environmental services—to provide a scientific basis for the province's spatial planning and sustainable development goals.

Loans4SME is a proposed technology-driven peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platform designed to bridge the USD 44 billion debt financing gap for Indian SMEs in the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors. By connecting borrowers directly with high-net-worth individuals and institutional investors, the platform aims to bypass traditional banking barriers such as stringent collateral requirements and slow sanction times. The instrument features a proprietary credit scoring algorithm that incorporates forward-looking financials and alternative data, which the report claims is more robust than traditional bank models. The analysis estimates that a 5% market share could mobilize USD 2.2 billion in private capital and add 800 MW of solar rooftop capacity by 2022. While deemed highly actionable with a feasibility score of 2.67/3, the report identifies regulatory uncertainty as a high-risk challenge since P2P lending remained unregulated in India at the time of publication.

The P50 Risk Solutions instrument aims to transfer weather-related volume risk from banks to the insurance market by providing a minimum revenue guarantee for wind power projects. The goal is to reduce financing costs and attract new capital sources by improving the P90 generation levels used by banks for credit assessments. However, the report concludes that the instrument is not commercially viable for standalone projects or portfolios, as the cost of insurance outweighs the potential reductions in financing costs. Furthermore, it finds that the instrument is unlikely to attract institutional investors because the risk of delayed payments from state distribution companies (DISCOMs) is perceived as far more significant than wind variability risk. Regulatory hurdles regarding cross-border reinsurance and a lack of market demand led the original proponents, Swiss Re and P50 Risk Managers, to abandon the project in India.

Mozambique possesses high agricultural potential but remains a net food importer due to low productivity and high climate vulnerability. The report identifies four primary areas for improvement: simplifying bureaucratic tax administration to reduce investment costs, developing public financial incentives and public-private partnerships (PPPs) to mitigate risk for farmers, prioritizing critical infrastructure in energy and irrigation, and enhancing revenue-sharing mechanisms to protect natural resources. It highlights that administrative delays and high interest rates (often over 20%) are more significant barriers than tax rates themselves. The document also emphasizes the need for better community consultation in PPPs and the implementation of a more transparent fiscal rule for sharing extractive industry royalties with local communities.