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This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the socio-economic challenges of phasing out coal in Indonesia. It argues that while coal mine closures will lead to projected losses in output, income, and employment—particularly in East Kalimantan—these can be mitigated through strategic investment in high-potential green sectors, improved intergovernmental coordination, and the inclusion of informal workers, women, and youth in transition planning.

This report by Indonesia Corruption Watch and Trend Asia examines the financial and political networks sustaining the coal industry in Indonesia. It identifies significant funding from state-owned and private banks to coal corporations and argues that regulatory capture and the influence of a wealthy elite are delaying a just clean energy transition.

This report by Trend Asia examines the role of large conglomerates, state-owned enterprises, and politically connected corporations in Indonesia's energy transition, specifically focusing on the development of energy plantation forests (HTE) for biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants (PLTU). The document argues that the transition is being dominated by powerful actors with a history of deforestation and land conflict, potentially leading to a 'carbon debt' and further environmental degradation.

A report by Trend Asia and Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) investigating potential fraud and irregularities in the procurement of tear gas equipment by the Indonesian National Police (Polri) between 2013 and 2022.

This report by Trend Asia analyzes the environmental risks associated with PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara's (PLN) co-firing policy, which mixes biomass with coal in power plants. The author argues that the massive land requirements for energy plantation forests (HTE) to supply wood pellets will likely lead to significant deforestation, contradicting Indonesia's climate commitments.

This report by Trend Asia challenges claims made by PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) regarding the effectiveness of biomass co-firing in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis suggests that the transition to biomass, particularly wood pellets, may actually increase total emissions due to deforestation and the carbon debt created by replacing natural forests with energy plantations.

This report evaluates the progress of the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) five years after its inception. It finds that despite increased awareness and technological monitoring, global deforestation has accelerated, and most 2020 targets will be missed. The document highlights a critical gap in funding, where investments driving deforestation vastly outweigh those for conservation. It emphasizes that indigenous land rights and strong political will are essential prerequisites for success, while corporate progress is stalled by supply chain complexity. The report calls for a paradigm shift toward 'green finance' and nature-based solutions to align forest protection with global climate and sustainable development goals.

This case study by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) evaluates the feasibility of beef cattle farming and fish cultivation as alternative livelihoods for oil palm smallholder farmers in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research focuses on diversifying income to mitigate risks associated with climate change, market price volatility, and the long productivity lead times of oil palm plantations.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the Indonesian Village Fund, a fiscal instrument established in 2015 to promote rural economic development and reduce welfare gaps. While the fund has grown significantly in size and provides over 50% of village revenue, the study finds that spending is overwhelmingly directed toward transportation infrastructure rather than sustainable land use or environmental protection. The report identifies critical gaps in technical capacity, regulatory guidance, and coordination between village and district planning, offering five strategic recommendations to align the fund with sustainability goals.

This working paper by the Climate Policy Initiative, supported by PILAR and UNPAR, proposes a framework for district-level natural capital assessment in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It argues that current land valuations underestimate the true value of ecosystem services and are hindered by inconsistent government regulations and data gaps. The paper recommends a pilot assessment in Kotawaringin Timur due to its high concentration of palm oil infrastructure and critical high conservation value areas.

The Central Kalimantan: High Conservation Value Provincial Assessment, produced by the Palangka Raya Institute for Land Use and Agricultural Research (PILAR) and the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), identifies biological, ecological, social, and cultural values in Central Kalimantan to inform sustainable land use and regional spatial planning.

This CPI working paper proposes a design for natural resource valuation at the district level in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It argues that current land valuation fails to account for critical ecosystem services like carbon storage and water provision, leading to suboptimal land-use decisions. The paper identifies Kotawaringin Timur as a priority area for a comprehensive valuation study due to its high deforestation rates, significant concentration of palm oil infrastructure, and the presence of extensive High Conservation Value (HCV) areas that are currently under-protected.

This executive summary describes a study on High Conservation Value (HCV) areas in Central Kalimantan province, conducted by the Palangkaraya Institute for Land Use+Agricultural Research (PILAR) and the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). The report identifies critical biological, ecological, social, and cultural values to inform sustainable land-use planning and the province's Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS).

The report analyzes the oil palm value chain in Central Kalimantan, finding that while the sector generated over USD 2 billion in 2013, it suffers from underutilized mill capacity (50-65%) and low upstream yields compared to Malaysia and the rest of Indonesia. It highlights a significant loss of value-add because 78% of crude palm oil is refined outside the region. The paper details seven business models, noting that integrated companies manage risks better than smallholders, who face severe financial and legal hurdles. To address these issues, the authors propose a landscape management approach via the PALM Program (2016-2020) and suggest shifting from area-based expansion targets to production-based targets to promote sustainability.

This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative describes a landscape management approach designed to transform Indonesia's oil palm sector into a high-productivity, sustainable industry. The approach, supported by Unilever and IDH, moves beyond simple supply chain traceability to manage agricultural production and ecosystem protection across connected areas of land at scale. The document details a five-step implementation process and highlights a pilot project in Sei Mangkei, North Sumatra, aimed at improving land-use planning, increasing smallholder productivity, and protecting peat and forest ecosystems.

This SEI briefing synthesizes research from 2011-2014 on the expansion of the oil palm and biofuels industry in Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It finds that while governments promote these industries for energy security and poverty reduction, the actual benefits to local communities are often skewed or unsubstantiated. Key issues identified include unclear land tenure leading to disputes, the vulnerability of small-scale producers who struggle with certification and market access, and systemic failures in the implementation of environmental laws and dispute resolution mechanisms. The report argues that investments often precede inclusive development planning and recommends prioritizing 'upstream' social and economic planning to ensure sustainable outcomes.

This fact sheet describes the 'Production-Protection' strategy implemented by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) in Indonesia. The approach seeks to reconcile economic growth and environmental protection by increasing oil palm productivity and redistributing land to high-value uses through a jurisdictional model and fiscal policy adjustments.

This document consists of the annexes to a July 2014 report by the Indonesian Ministry of Finance and the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). It provides detailed data on the use of public climate finance in Indonesia for 2011, including budget expenditure tables, definitions of climate finance by sector, a comparison of budget line markings, a list of relevant laws and regulations, and a review of climate-related activities by state-owned enterprises (SOEs).

This research paper examines the early implementation of decentralization laws in Indonesia, specifically Law No. 22/1999 and Law 25/1999, and their impact on the forestry sector. It analyzes how the shift of power from the central government to districts has led to the emergence of 'district timber regimes' focused on revenue generation, often at the expense of forest conservation and sustainable management.

This report evaluates the integration of REDD+ objectives into Indonesia's national development planning and the extent to which its legal and institutional reforms have improved the governance of land-based sectors. It highlights a gap between high-level climate policies and sector-specific development plans, noting that while REDD+ has catalyzed tools like the One Map Initiative and the Integrated Licensing System, institutional challenges persist due to the use of ad-hoc agencies.