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This research paper by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the misalignment of global public finance, noting that in 2024, public support for fossil fuels exceeded USD 1.2 trillion, nearly five times the USD 254 billion provided to clean energy. The report examines fossil fuel subsidies, G20 renewable energy support, state-owned enterprise (SOE) capital expenditure, and international public finance, arguing that governments must shift from blanket subsidies to targeted social protection and clean energy investment to reduce fiscal exposure and energy vulnerability.

The Indonesia Power Sector Finance Dashboard (October 2025) analyzes investment flows in Indonesia's power sector from 2019 to 2023. It highlights a significant gap between current investments and the USD 246 billion required to meet 2030 climate targets, noting that fossil fuel (FF) investments—particularly in captive power for industrial use—continue to dominate over renewable energy (RE). The report also examines the operational efficiency and funding of the state-owned utility PLN.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the role of state-owned power companies (SPCs) in driving clean energy transitions within emerging markets and developing economies, featuring case studies from India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Viet Nam.

This report by Ember examines the role of large state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China's transition from coal power to renewable energy. It argues that while a strategy of diversification into renewables has successfully led to a relative decline in coal's share of the generation mix, China is approaching a critical turning point of absolute coal power decline. The authors advocate for a 'beyond-diversification' approach to manage the socio-economic impacts on the interconnected coal-electricity ecosystem and coal-dependent regions.

This fact sheet evaluates France's fossil fuel funding as part of a G20 scorecard for OECD member countries. While France ranks second among the 11 countries reviewed due to strong commitments and low support for fossil fuel production per unit of GDP, it continues to provide significant support for fossil fuel-based power and consumption.

This fact sheet provides a scorecard of fossil fuel funding in India, detailing government support through public finance, state-owned enterprise (SOE) investments, and consumer subsidies. It highlights a trend of increasing public finance and SOE investment despite some reductions in consumer subsidies for fuels.

This fact sheet from the International Institute for Sustainable Development evaluates Mexico's fossil fuel funding, ranking it last among G20 OECD member countries with an overall score of 48/100. The document details the scale of government support for fossil fuel production and use, the role of state-owned enterprises, and recent trends in subsidy reductions and increases.

This fact sheet provides a scorecard of government support for fossil fuels in Russia, analyzing funding levels, transparency, and progress in ending subsidies between 2017 and 2019.

This fact sheet evaluates the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's funding of fossil fuels, ranking it 8th (lowest) among G20 non-OECD member countries. The report highlights significant support through state-owned enterprise (SOE) investments and low energy prices, while noting a lack of transparency regarding direct budgetary transfers.

This fact sheet from the International Institute for Sustainable Development evaluates Turkey's fossil fuel funding, ranking it last among G20 OECD member countries with an overall score of 48/100. The document highlights high levels of support for coal production and fossil fuel consumption, while noting a decrease in state-owned enterprise investments.

This fact sheet by the International Institute for Sustainable Development evaluates Argentina's government support for fossil fuels, ranking it second among G20 non-OECD member countries. While the country shows relatively good transparency and low support for fossil fuel use, it provides substantial funding for oil and gas production, primarily through state-owned enterprise (SOE) investments.

This document is a technical annex providing the data, definitions, and analytical methodology used for the International Institute for Sustainable Development's digital story, "Mapping India’s Energy Transition: A Data Dive Into the Strategic Role of State-Owned Enterprises in the Energy Sector." It details the parameters collected for nine central public sector undertakings (PSUs) and India as a whole for the 2024–25 financial year.