Mapping India’s Energy Transition | Data, Definitions, Methodology, and References Annex

This document is a technical annex providing the data, definitions, and analytical methodology used for the International Institute for Sustainable Development's digital story, "Mapping India’s Energy Transition: A Data Dive Into the Strategic Role of State-Owned Enterprises in the Energy Sector." It details the parameters collected for nine central public sector undertakings (PSUs) and India as a whole for the 2024–25 financial year.

• The analysis focuses on nine central public sector undertakings (PSUs) across various energy sectors: Coal India Limited (coal mining), NTPC Limited (power generation), NLC India Limited (lignite mining and power), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited and Oil India Limited (upstream oil and gas), Indian Oil Corporation Limited and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (refining and marketing), GAIL (India) Limited (gas transmission and marketing), and NHPC Limited (hydropower generation).
• The methodology uses consolidated group-level reporting for the nine PSUs, incorporating material subsidiaries. For example, the Coal India Limited (CIL) group includes Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Central Coalfields Limited, Western Coalfields Limited, South Eastern Coalfields Limited, Northern Coalfields Limited, and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited.
• To determine the PSUs' share of India's energy system, the report collects and calculates data on coal, crude oil, and natural gas production, gas pipeline throughput, installed capacity and electricity generation for both fossil and non-fossil fuels, refining capacity, and petroleum product sales.
• The economic and social contribution of the PSUs is measured by comparing aggregate PSU data against national denominators, including total revenues as a percentage of nominal GDP, payments to central and state exchequers, capital expenditure, CSR and R&D spending, permanent and contractual employment, and foreign exchange earnings and expenditure.
• GHG emissions are calculated by combining Scope 1 direct emissions from Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) disclosures with estimated Scope 3 Category 11 indirect emissions from the downstream combustion of sold fuels. To avoid double counting, Scope 2 emissions are excluded, and specific adjustments are made for inter-PSU commodity flows, such as excluding coal supplied by CIL to NTPC and NLCIL from CIL's Scope 3 calculations.
• The report applies specific emission factors for fuels based on NITI Aayog 2023 data: 1.588 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of domestic Indian coal, 2.31 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of imported coal, and 56.1 kilograms of CO2 per gigajoule for natural gas and compressed natural gas (CNG).
• The analysis tracks collective ambition across five transition dimensions: emissions (net-zero targets), renewable energy capacity, biowaste-to-energy technologies, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and green hydrogen capacity.

APA

International Institute for Sustainable Development (n.d.). Mapping India’s Energy Transition | Data, Definitions, Methodology, and References Annex. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf

Chicago

International Institute for Sustainable Development. Mapping India’s Energy Transition | Data, Definitions, Methodology, and References Annex. n.d. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=International Institute for Sustainable Development |title=Mapping India’s Energy Transition | Data, Definitions, Methodology, and References Annex |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{internationalinstituteforsustainabledevelopmentndmapping, author = {{International Institute for Sustainable Development}}, title = {{Mapping India’s Energy Transition | Data, Definitions, Methodology, and References Annex}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }