Mapping India’s Energy Transition: A data dive into the strategic role of state-owned enterprises in the energy sector

The document provides a technical annex detailing how the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) calculated the energy, economic, and emissions profiles of nine major Indian state-owned enterprises for FY 2024–25. It specifies the PSUs covered—including Coal India Limited, NTPC, and ONGC—and explains the methodology for estimating Scope 3 emissions, energy flows, and progress toward net-zero and renewable energy targets.

• The analysis focuses on nine central public sector undertakings (PSUs) operating across coal mining, power generation, oil and gas upstream/refining, and gas transmission: Coal India Limited (CIL), NTPC Limited, NLC India Limited (NLCIL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Oil India Limited, Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), GAIL (India) Limited, and NHPC Limited.
• The methodology for calculating the share of these nine PSUs in India's energy system involves comparing consolidated group data from annual reports against India's total production or capacity for metrics such as coal production, crude oil production, natural gas production, refining capacity, and installed capacity for both fossil and non-fossil fuels.
• To assess economic and social contributions, the study calculates PSU revenues as a percentage of nominal GDP, payments to central and state exchequers as a percentage of government receipts, and the share of PSU capital expenditure, CSR spending, and R&D spending relative to total public sector figures.
• Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are calculated by combining reported Scope 1 emissions from Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) disclosures with estimated Scope 3 Category 11 emissions (downstream combustion of sold fuels). To avoid double counting, Scope 2 emissions are excluded, and specific adjustments are made for inter-PSU commodity flows.
• The document utilizes specific emission factors for fuel types, such as 1.588 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of domestic Indian coal, which is noted as being more conservative than the IPCC generic sub-bituminous default of approximately 1.68 t CO2/t due to the high-ash character of Indian thermal coal.
• The analysis tracks collective ambition across five transition dimensions: net-zero targets, renewable energy capacity (GW), biowaste-to-energy technologies, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and green hydrogen capacity.

APA

Sharma, D. (2026). Mapping India’s Energy Transition: A data dive into the strategic role of state-owned enterprises in the energy sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf

Chicago

Sharma, Deepak. Mapping India’s Energy Transition: A data dive into the strategic role of state-owned enterprises in the energy sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2026. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Sharma |first1=Deepak |title=Mapping India’s Energy Transition: A data dive into the strategic role of state-owned enterprises in the energy sector |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=May 2026 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{sharma2026mapping, author = {Sharma, Deepak}, title = {{Mapping India’s Energy Transition: A data dive into the strategic role of state-owned enterprises in the energy sector}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2026}, month = may, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/mapping-india-energy-transition-annex-references.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }