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The document critiques the upcoming Summit for a New Global Financial Pact, arguing that current climate finance is woefully inadequate and often delivered as debt-increasing loans. It advocates for 'polluter pays' taxes on shipping, aviation, and fossil fuel companies, and calls for a 'climate version of the Hippocratic Oath' for private investors to stop financing fossil fuels in the Global South while attempting to fund the energy transition.

The report identifies barriers to private urban climate investments across macro, city, and project levels, while highlighting success factors such as supportive regulatory frameworks and transparent working practices. It provides targeted recommendations for city governments, national governments, international finance institutions, and private/third sector partners to enhance project preparation, risk mitigation, and capacity development to enable bankable climate investments in emerging economies.

Reclaim Finance criticizes the French government's "Industrie verte" bill, specifically its financing measures, for lacking strict criteria to prevent public and private savings from funding fossil fuel projects. The organization argues that new initiatives like the "Avenir climat" savings plan for minors and changes to life insurance regulations do not guarantee alignment with the 1.5°C warming limit and may exacerbate inequalities. Reclaim Finance proposes mandatory transparency indicators for controversial activities, minimum investment criteria for public-supported products, and preferential loan rates for ecological transition projects.

The report identifies barriers to private urban climate investment across macro, city, and project levels, and provides recommendations for city governments, public sector partners, and private/third sector entities to improve enabling conditions. It analyzes five case studies from Chile, Ecuador, India, South Africa, and Turkiye to highlight success factors such as bulk procurement, green bonds, and strategic partnerships.

The SRMI-Resilience program aims to deploy 2.16 GW of renewable energy and reduce GHG emissions by 55.01 million tons of CO2eq across Ethiopia, Guinea Bissau, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Seychelles, Somalia, Tajikistan, and Tunisia. The initiative combines technical assistance, public investments in grid resilience, and risk mitigation instruments to unlock an estimated USD 1.8 billion in private investment. Key adaptation goals include providing 3.2 million people with electricity to power cooling systems during heat waves and upgrading grid infrastructure to withstand climate hazards like floods and cyclones.

The author contends that while carbon pricing is Canada's primary decarbonization driver, it is insufficient alone to attract the private capital needed for a net zero economy. To remain competitive, especially against the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act, Canada needs to address market failures caused by historical fossil fuel subsidies and the high risks associated with first-of-their-kind low-carbon projects. The document recommends implementing carbon contracts for difference, investment tax credits, and a clean investment taxonomy, all integrated into a coordinated strategic framework to avoid ad hoc spending and maximize social returns.

The author contends that while carbon pricing is a vital tool, Canada needs a broader strategic framework to address market failures—such as fossil fuel subsidies and high initial capital costs—and to respond to international competition like the US Inflation Reduction Act. The paper suggests combining carbon pricing with targeted public incentives, a clean investment taxonomy, and sector-specific growth strategies to attract private capital efficiently without excessive or scattered public spending.

In 2022, global coal emissions were poised to reach record highs due to energy disruptions, yet the year also saw record coal capacity retirements and cancellations. Over 95 percent of global coal consumption now occurs in markets committed to net-zero emissions or coal phaseouts. Finance has become a primary lever for this transition, with approximately $45.2 billion committed over two years, primarily through Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs) in South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam. However, these funds are viewed as stepping stones, as the total investment needed for system-wide transitions—including clean energy infrastructure and just transition efforts—far exceeds current commitments. The document emphasizes the need for greater transparency in deal design and a balance between top-down country programs and bottom-up asset-level pilots to mobilize the necessary private and public capital.

Armenia is seeking USD 197,031 from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) over 18 months to update its Country Cooperation Programme for the 2024-2027 replenishment round. The project, implemented by the Environmental Project Implementation Unit (EPIU) under the Ministry of Environment, aims to align climate funding with the updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and the Long-term Low Emission Development Strategy. Key activities include a national readiness needs assessment, the development of a Green Finance Implementation Strategy and Action Plan for 2023-2027, and the design of a high-quality Simplified Approval Process (SAP) project concept note. The initiative seeks to address coordination gaps between strategic frameworks and limited private sector engagement in climate finance.

Between 2012 and 2021, the North Region of Brazil received R$ 30.6 billion (US$ 11.1 billion) for land transport infrastructure, representing 17% of the national total tracked. Public sources provided 78% of this funding, with the federal government as the primary source. The rail sector was the largest beneficiary in the North, receiving 55% of resources, heavily driven by the Carajás Railroad. In contrast, public budget funds in the North were overwhelmingly directed to highways (99%), primarily for maintenance and operation (79%). While private finance via incentivized debentures grew nationally, it accounted for 22% of the North's flows. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) contributed R$ 3 billion, with the New Development Bank (NDB) being the most active in the region. The report emphasizes that without improved governance and rigorous socio-environmental analysis, these investments risk driving deforestation in the Amazon.

The report finds that while global climate finance almost doubled between 2011 and 2020, reaching a cumulative USD 4.8 trillion, current growth rates are insufficient to meet climate goals. Preliminary 2021 estimates show an all-time high of USD 850–940 billion, driven largely by electric vehicle demand. However, a significant gap remains in adaptation finance, and continued fossil fuel subsidies in 51 major countries exceeded total global climate finance investment for the 2011-2020 period. The report argues that annual flows must reach USD 4.3 trillion by 2030 to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.

In 2019/2020, Burkina Faso received USD 567 million in climate finance, covering only 13% of the USD 4.1 billion needed by 2050 to meet its NDC targets. Public finance dominated the landscape, accounting for 80% of total flows, with a heavy reliance on international multilateral and bilateral DFIs. Energy systems and Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) were the primary recipients of funds, though significant gaps remain in water and wastewater sectors. The report highlights critical barriers, including political instability, a lack of domestic climate budget tagging, and the absence of a robust Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) framework, which hinders the attraction of further donor funding and private investment.

In 2019/2020, Nigeria received an average of USD 1.9 billion annually in climate finance, representing only 11% of the USD 17.7 billion needed annually for its conditional NDC. Public finance dominated at 77% of total flows, primarily delivered as concessional debt. Mitigation finance (USD 1.1 billion) outweighed adaptation finance (USD 663 million), despite high vulnerability to climate shocks. Energy systems received the most investment, particularly solar, while sectors like waste and industrial processes remained severely underfunded. The report highlights a significant contradiction between climate finance flows and continued heavy investment in fossil fuels, noting one LNG project alone received USD 2.77 billion. Key barriers include limited private sector mobilization, capacity constraints in GHG reporting, and a lack of national climate budget tagging.

In 2019/2020, Nigeria received an average of USD 1.9 billion annually in climate finance, representing only 11% of the USD 17.7 billion needed to meet its conditional NDC target. Public finance dominated the landscape, accounting for 77% of flows, primarily through concessional debt. Mitigation finance (USD 1.1 billion) outweighed adaptation finance (USD 663 million), despite the country's high vulnerability to climate risks. Energy systems received the largest share of investment (41%), with a strong focus on solar technologies, while sectors like waste and industrial processes remained severely underfunded. The report highlights a significant contradiction between climate finance goals and continued heavy investment in fossil fuels, noting that a single LNG project received USD 2.77 billion—more than the total tracked climate finance for the period.

The authors argue that the current USD 100 billion climate finance target has been fraught with difficulties due to ambiguous definitions and contrasting interpretations regarding investment mobilization versus resource transfer. To improve transparency, accountability, and trust, they propose setting a specific sub-target for grants alongside other targets. The paper identifies five priority elements for negotiations: the relation to Article 2.1(c) of the Paris Agreement, the adaptation-mitigation balance, financial instruments, the mobilization of private finance, and the concept of "new and additional" finance.

The report finds a massive gap between Africa's annual climate finance needs (USD 277 billion) and actual flows (USD 29.5 billion). While international public finance dominates, private sector contribution is low at 14%. Finance is heavily concentrated in a few countries and sectors, with energy receiving the most investment, while agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) remains underfunded. The report recommends scaling up concessional finance, improving data tracking, and catalyzing private investment to meet 2030 goals.

The document argues that Africa faces an annual financing gap of over $100 billion to preserve its natural capital, which is critical for global climate and biodiversity goals. It proposes a 'triple bottom line' approach—combining financial returns, environmental impact, and community benefits—applied through landscape financing, restorative agriculture, and sustainable supply chains. The paper identifies green bonds, carbon credits, and impact investing as key financial mechanisms and calls for stronger regulatory frameworks, such as the adoption of Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) guidelines, to attract private capital and prevent 'nature-washing'.

The document reviews 24 financing strategies for adaptation in developing countries, categorizing them as either discrete adaptation strategies or general climate action strategies. It finds a wide variation in approach, ranging from high-level awareness documents to detailed costing frameworks. The analysis suggests that countries do not necessarily need to calculate precise finance gaps and should instead focus on the strategic use of public finance to leverage private investment and improve the tracking of international finance flows. It emphasizes the importance of involving ministries of finance and international funders to increase the likelihood of securing resources.

Africa's climate finance needs are estimated at USD 250 billion annually, yet only USD 29.5 billion was mobilized in 2020. The report identifies critical barriers—financial, governance, project-level, and infrastructure-related—across the energy, transport, buildings, and AFOLU sectors. It argues that bridging this gap requires 'climate finance innovation,' defined as using financial instruments to overcome barriers in novel contexts. The document details a toolbox of solutions, including blended finance, capital market instruments like YieldCos and Green Bonds, and results-based finance, while providing case studies such as TerraFund and Acorn to demonstrate how these tools can catalyze private investment.

The report reviews 24 financing strategies from developing countries, categorizing them into discrete adaptation strategies and general climate action strategies. It finds that while these documents help communicate priorities and attract international grants, there is a significant gap in strategic analysis regarding how to leverage public finance to attract private investment. The report emphasizes the need for stronger engagement from ministries of finance and planning, as well as improved country-level tracking of climate finance to measure the actual impact of these strategies.