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The document details a quantitative analysis of Pronaf access in Brazil, using 2017 Agricultural Census data. It employs linear regressions to assess how the presence of cooperatives and Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ATER) services impact the share of family farmers accessing the program. The results indicate that both cooperatives and ATER have a statistically significant positive effect on Pronaf access, with the South region showing a positive correlation and the North, Northeast, and Southeast regions showing negative correlations relative to the baseline.

Between 2021 and 2023, Brazil's bioeconomy received an average of R$ 16.6 billion annually, with 74% of funds concentrated in planted forests and bioenergy/biofuels. While domestic private sources provided 69% of the total, significant gaps exist in funding for native forests and biodiversity products, particularly in the North region. Innovative instruments like thematic bonds and CBIOs drive the majority of the funding, but these are limited to the most industrial bioeconomy sectors.

The report finds that only 15% of Brazilian family farmers access credit, with significant disparities based on property size, region, and crop type. While Pronaf accounts for 73% of rural credit contracts, it represents only 14% of the total volume of resources. Access is heavily concentrated in the South region and among larger family properties, while small-scale producers and those in the North region remain largely excluded. The authors argue for a revision of the outdated 'fiscal module' eligibility criteria and the integration of sustainability requirements to support a low-carbon agricultural transition.

This report analyzes the role of rural credit as the primary climate finance instrument for land use in Brazil between 2015 and 2020, detailing the sources of funding, the regulatory framework of the Brazilian Agricultural Plan, and the specific credit lines used to promote low-carbon agriculture.

Between 2012 and 2021, the North Region of Brazil received R$ 30.6 billion (US$ 11.1 billion) for land transport infrastructure, representing 17% of the national total tracked. Public sources provided 78% of this funding, with the federal government as the primary source. The rail sector was the largest beneficiary in the North, receiving 55% of resources, heavily driven by the Carajás Railroad. In contrast, public budget funds in the North were overwhelmingly directed to highways (99%), primarily for maintenance and operation (79%). While private finance via incentivized debentures grew nationally, it accounted for 22% of the North's flows. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) contributed R$ 3 billion, with the New Development Bank (NDB) being the most active in the region. The report emphasizes that without improved governance and rigorous socio-environmental analysis, these investments risk driving deforestation in the Amazon.

The report examines BNDES's role in the Legal Amazon from 2009 to 2019, finding that while the North Region receives the highest share of disbursements relative to its GDP, it receives the lowest total share of BNDES funds. Financing is heavily concentrated in large-scale infrastructure, specifically hydroelectric power generation, which often serves the rest of Brazil while local populations remain energy-poor. The authors argue that BNDES has a significant opportunity to pivot toward the energy transition by replacing diesel-based isolated systems with renewable energy and improving basic services like sanitation and internet access to reduce regional inequality.

The report examines BNDES's role in the Legal Amazon, finding that while the North Region receives the highest share of disbursements relative to its GDP, it receives the lowest total share of BNDES funds. Financing is heavily concentrated in large-scale hydroelectric infrastructure, often serving the rest of Brazil while local populations remain dependent on expensive, polluting diesel generation. The authors argue for a transition toward renewable energy, decentralized solar power, and improved basic services to reduce regional inequality.

The report argues that PL No. 2374/2020 would harm the implementation of the Brazilian Forest Code by granting unjustified amnesty to a small group of medium and large landowners. It highlights that such a change would necessitate the re-analysis of approximately 378,000 rural property registrations (CAR), delaying environmental regularization and setting a dangerous precedent for renegotiating the legal timeframes of consolidated rural areas.

The study finds that BNDES credit for agricultural machinery increases productivity and promotes the intensification of agriculture—specifically by replacing pasture with cropland—without increasing deforestation pressures. These effects are most pronounced in municipalities with high labor intensity and when financing 'labor-saving' equipment.

The report evaluates the state-level implementation of Brazil's Forest Code, highlighting that while most states have made progress in CAR registration, significant bottlenecks exist in the validation phase and the rollout of the PRA. It argues against amending the federal law without considering state-level efforts and emphasizes the need for technical resources, transparency, and a clearer role for the federal government to support lagging states, particularly in the northeast region.