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July 2026 was tied for the warmest July on record globally and was the all-time warmest July for the contiguous U.S. This extreme heat, driven by human-caused climate change and a strengthening El Niño, has led to a significant increase in cooling degree days—a proxy for energy demand—across most major U.S. cities. The report also details widespread drought affecting at least 70% of the contiguous U.S. and record-low sea-ice extents in both the Arctic and Antarctic.

The document introduces Morocco's geography, noting its unique position as the only African country with both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines and a land border with the European Union. It outlines the country's political structure as a unitary semi-constitutional monarchy and details territorial disputes regarding Western Sahara and Spanish enclaves. Finally, it notes that Morocco faces severe climate change risks, specifically increasing temperatures and decreased rainfall.

The May 2026 report highlights that the month was the second-warmest on record globally, with carbon dioxide levels reaching a new monthly peak of 432.3 ppm. In the United States, spring 2026 was the second-warmest on record for the contiguous U.S., while 77% of the region experienced abnormally dry or drought conditions as of early June. The report also notes a developing potentially very strong El Niño and record-low snowpack in several western states.

Between December 2025 and February 2026, climate change significantly boosted global temperatures, with over one in six people experiencing strong climate influence daily. Nearly 228 million people faced 30 or more risky heat days added by climate change, with 81% of these individuals residing in Africa. The analysis highlights that in 45 countries, all risky heat days during this period were driven by climate change, and 124 countries saw the average person experience at least 30 days of strong climate influence (CSI level 2 or higher).

Europe experienced its coldest January since 2010, with temperatures 1.63°C above the 1991-2020 mean, though regional variations were significant. Forecasts for March-May 2026 project warmer-than-average temperatures across the continent, particularly in eastern and southeastern Europe, and generally weakly positive precipitation anomalies.

March 2026 was the warmest March on record for the contiguous U.S., characterized by a historic snow drought in the West and extreme heat that increased cooling energy demand. Globally, the month was the second-warmest on record, with Arctic sea-ice reaching a near-record low maximum. In the U.S., severe drought affected 77% of the contiguous region, while Hawaii experienced record-breaking precipitation due to Kona lows.

The document reports that Europe experienced its joint-fourth warmest December on record in 2025, with temperatures 1.99°C above the 1991-2020 mean. For the spring of 2026 (March-May), forecasts project warmer-than-average temperatures across the continent, with the highest anomalies in northeastern Europe, and generally weakly positive precipitation anomalies.

The document reports that Europe experienced a November 2025 temperature 1.38°C above the 1991-2020 mean, with record highs in central western Russia and record low precipitation in Turkey. For the January-March 2026 period, forecasts project warmer-than-average temperatures across Europe, particularly in the northeast, and generally weakly positive precipitation anomalies, though soil moisture is expected to be weakly negative in Spain, Italy, central Europe, and Turkey.

January 2026 was the fifth-warmest January on record globally, characterized by significant temperature anomalies in the U.S. West and record-low snowpacks in several states. The document highlights the transition of NOAA to the Relative Oceanic Niño Index (RONI) to better account for climate change in ENSO tracking. Attribution analysis using the Climate Shift Index (CSI) indicates that extreme warmth in the northern U.S. and specific cities like San Juan and Honolulu was strongly driven by carbon pollution.

In 2025, the contiguous U.S. experienced its fourth-warmest year on record and 23 billion-dollar weather and climate disasters, totaling $115 billion in damages. Globally, 2025 was the third-warmest year since 1850, with NOAA data indicating it was approximately 1.3°C warmer than the pre-industrial average. The year was marked by record-breaking December heat in the U.S. Southwest and devastating atmospheric river flooding in Washington and Oregon.

Europe experienced a warmer-than-average October 2025, with significant rainfall in the Balkans. Forecasts for the December 2025 – February 2026 winter period project warmer-than-average temperatures, particularly in northeastern Europe, and weakly positive precipitation anomalies.

Europe's September 2025 was its 5th warmest on record, with significant temperature and precipitation variations across the continent. Forecasts for the December 2025 – February 2026 winter period project above-average temperatures, particularly in eastern and northeastern Europe, and weakly positive precipitation anomalies.

Europe's June 2025 was its 5th warmest on record, with record-high temperatures in England, France, Italy, and most of Spain, and record-low rainfall in the Balkans. Forecasts for August-September 2025 project temperatures 1-2°C above average across most of Europe, an increase of 1-5 warm days per month, and precipitation deficits of 10-40% in parts of southeastern and southwestern Europe.

The document reports that May 2025 saw colder than average temperatures in eastern Europe and extreme drought in the British Isles. For the July-September 2025 period, most of Europe is projected to be 1-2°C warmer than average, with expected increases in 'Warm Days' and projected negative soil moisture anomalies persisting in central Europe and the British Isles.

The study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting Model to simulate the impact of basin-wide agricultural expansion in the La Plata River basin. It finds divergent regional climate responses: the northern region experiences decreased temperatures and precipitation due to increased albedo and moisture advection, while the southern region sees increased temperatures and precipitation due to decreased albedo and altered moisture flux convergence. These changes also influence precipitation patterns over the South Atlantic Ocean.

The study utilized the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) from 98 stations and GIS interpolation to identify extreme climate events in the Semi-Arid Pampean Region from 2000 to 2012. It identified 2001 as a wet year and 2009 as a dry year, concluding that the Spline interpolation method is optimal for characterizing these events in the region.

The study examined shallow lakes in the Colorado River Basin from 2002 to 2012, identifying a correlation between annual precipitation and the area covered by water. Using satellite imagery, the research categorized years as normal (2011), wet (2004), and dry (2008), finding that the number of detected shallow lakes ranged from 5 in dry years to 20 in wet years, with corresponding water areas between 5.8 km2 and 14.54 km2. Water bodies were further divided into three clusters based on size, salinity, and orientation.

The study evaluates how climate change affects the ability of the Maipo Basin's water system to meet urban and agricultural demands, finding that while both sectors are sensitive to precipitation changes, the urban sector is more resilient due to higher reliability standards and greater water-use rights.

The study finds that while the Amazon and La Plata basin (LPB) generally act as moisture sinks, the presence of low-level jets (LLJs) shifts the Amazon into a moisture source and significantly increases precipitation in the LPB by 32%. The LLJs are most frequent during winter and around 0000 and 0600 UTC, acting as a crucial modulator for the LPB's water balance.

A study of the western Pampas from 2008 to 2013 found that while topography determines absolute water table position and crop choice can partially modulate seasonal fluctuations, inter-annual groundwater dynamics are predominantly driven by climate variability.