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Maharashtra aims to produce 500 kilotons of green hydrogen annually by 2030. While green hydrogen is not yet cost-competitive with grey hydrogen, the report finds that state capital expenditure subsidies could reduce the levelized cost of hydrogen by 21–25 percent, from $4.5 per kg to under $3.5 per kg. On-site projects currently offer the lowest cost at approximately $4/kg, though they are limited by land constraints. The report identifies Raigarh and Ratnagiri as potential early-mover hubs and proposes a Green Hydrogen Readiness Plan focusing on seven impact areas across the value chain.

The report identifies a significant gap in the integration of climate action within Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (FMITI), noting that while high-level executive interest exists, bureaucratic capacity and policy coherence are lacking. It highlights contradictions between Nigeria's climate commitments, such as its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) targeting a 45% emissions reduction by 2030, and its continued state-led investment in oil exploration. The document argues that the FMITI must align industrial and trade policies with environmental goals, leveraging carbon markets and public-private partnerships to transition away from fossil fuel dependence. It recommends the development of a new 'green' industrial policy and draws on South Africa's experience with the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JET-P) as a model for coordinated national strategy and international funding.

The paper examines how the geopolitical contest between the US and China over critical minerals creates a strategic window for African countries to diversify investors and build domestic green value chains.

The report analyzes green hydrogen production in India, finding that state-level transmission waivers and capital subsidies are critical for cost competitiveness. It compares on-site, ISTS-connected, and STU-connected project models, highlighting that while on-site projects avoid transmission costs, they face land and demand constraints. The study identifies Odisha as a leader in cost competitiveness due to aggressive incentive packages and emphasizes that off-site projects require at least a 50% cost reduction to compete with grey hydrogen.

Morocco possesses significant reserves of green transition minerals (GTMs), including approximately 72% of global phosphate, positioning it as a strategic partner for the EU and China. While the EU emphasizes regulatory compliance and sustainability standards, China provides rapid industrial scale and technical expertise in refining. The authors argue that Morocco's current bilateral engagements are fragmented and propose a five-step trilateral framework—including a joint task force, dedicated industrial zones, and a sustainability charter—to transform geopolitical competition into coordinated investment and technology transfer.

The Germany-South Africa JET-P is a minilateral climate finance initiative designed to support South Africa's transition from coal to renewable energy and green industrialisation. While it has successfully established an institutional framework and attracted significant funding—with Germany as the largest grant contributor—it faces critical hurdles. These include delays in coal plant decommissioning, concerns over the 'justice' of fund allocation (with a perceived bias toward international partners), and the risk of increasing national debt through a reliance on loans. The document argues that for the JET-P to achieve transformational change, it must move beyond financial pledges to deliver tangible emissions cuts, job creation, and inclusive livelihood improvements, drawing on lessons from Germany's own Ruhr valley transition.

The report argues that Japan's continued reliance on imported liquefied natural gas (LNG), as outlined in its 7th Strategic Energy Plan, creates significant geopolitical security risks and threatens its 2050 net-zero target. It recommends a five-step acceleration of decarbonisation, focusing on grid modernisation, domestic renewable energy expansion, and methane abatement in the LNG supply chain.

As of May 2025, China's operational solar and wind capacity reached 1.4 billion kW, surpassing fossil fuel capacity for the first time in Q1 2025. The country leads globally in planned and under-construction projects, with over 1.3 billion kW in the pipeline. While offshore wind represents only 9% of total wind capacity, China accounts for 49% of global cumulative offshore installations as of March 2025. The document highlights the role of coastal provinces like Jiangsu and Guangdong in driving this growth and suggests transitioning from local to national-level policies and adopting international bidding models to ensure long-term stability and technical innovation.

China is advancing a 1.3 TW pipeline of utility-scale solar and wind projects, with operating capacity reaching 1.4 TW by 2025. While solar and onshore wind are expanding rapidly, particularly in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, offshore wind has emerged as a global powerhouse, accounting for 50% of global capacity. However, the offshore sector faces challenges from the 2021 phaseout of national subsidies and competition from planned coal and gas capacity in coastal provinces. The document argues for a transition from provincial development to a coordinated national policy framework incorporating hybrid auction mechanisms and robust spatial planning.

The industrial sector accounts for nearly a quarter of US greenhouse gas emissions in 2022, characterized by process-based and high-temperature emissions. Using an analysis of Washington state, RMI demonstrates that emissions-intensive, trade-exposed (EITE) sectors—particularly refineries, which produce 68 percent of EITE emissions—could reduce emissions by 39 percent by 2035 and 91 percent by 2050. This transition would require an additional 13,975 GWh of annual electricity by 2050 in Washington, representing a 65 percent increase in industrial demand. To enable this, states must leverage tools such as grid access, permitting reform, and financial supports like green banks to complement federal incentives.

The research paper proposes a strategic partnership between South Africa and the EU in the critical minerals sector as an alternative to the unpredictable diplomacy of the US administration. It highlights the complementary nature of their interests, noting that South Africa is a top producer of platinum group metals, manganese, and chromite, while the EU seeks to diversify its supply chains via the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA). The author identifies key challenges to implementation, including tensions over local value addition, private sector engagement, and the transparency of mineral agreements. The paper recommends that South Africa address structural infrastructure issues and that the EU provide targeted support for in-country beneficiation and ESG implementation to move from negotiation to tangible projects.

The report examines how six Indian ports can transition into green hydrogen hubs by integrating hydrogen into their value chains and leveraging Common User Infrastructure (CUI). It identifies key challenges such as high production costs and land acquisition, while emphasizing the role of storage infrastructure and the repurposing of natural gas pipelines and LNG terminals to reduce capital expenditures.

The report identifies a significant gap in India's green hydrogen sector, where announced production capacity exceeds the 2030 target of 5 million metric tons (MMT) by 2.5 times, yet commissioned capacity remains below 0.01 MMT as of 2024. To address barriers like high costs and limited infrastructure, the report outlines five strategies to unlock 2.1–5 MMT of demand by 2030: blending in high-volume sectors (0.8–3.0 MMT), substitution in niche industries (0.04–0.07 MMT), green public procurement for steel (0.4–0.6 MMT), exporting hydrogen and ammonia (0.75–1.1 MMT), and exporting hydrogen-embedded products (0.1–0.2 MMT). It also emphasizes the need for enablers such as viability gap funding, sovereign guarantees, and hydrogen hubs.

The research assesses the techno-economic drivers of hydrogen-based steelmaking, finding that while access to low-cost renewable energy can 'pull' industry to new locations, this effect is sensitive to assumptions and can be moderated by labour costs, capital costs, and 'strategic push' subsidies. The authors warn that relying solely on the renewables pull effect may delay necessary innovation and upscaling in higher-cost regions required to meet 2030 climate goals.

Earthjustice, representing several environmental and community groups, has formally requested the suspension of federal and state permit applications for Air Products Blue Energy LLC’s proposed Louisiana Clean Energy Complex. The request follows announcements by Air Products & Chemical, Inc. that it intends to divest the carbon dioxide sequestration, ammonia plant, and marine terminal components of the project as part of a 'derisking strategy.' The company has stated it will not proceed with the hydrogen plant without 'off take agreements' and has paused new spending commitments. Earthjustice argues that continuing the review would waste public resources on a 'speculative endeavor' and highlights potential environmental damage, including the destruction of 484.77 acres of wetlands and impacts on the Maurepas Swamp Wildlife Management Area and Lake Maurepas.

The report argues for a 'hybrid market model' in Europe that combines proactive procurement for the market with competition in the market to ensure a reliable, 24/7 decarbonised power system. It identifies significant gaps in current National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs), noting that many Member States are not on track to meet 2030 EU targets. To address this, the authors recommend expanding system needs assessments to include flexibility and resilience (including climate and cyber risks) and extending their time horizon to 2050. On the contracting side, the report suggests enhancing Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) through standardisation and public demand, and improving Contracts for Difference (CfDs) by embedding dispatch incentives to avoid distorting market signals. It also proposes a tripartite contracting framework involving a central public entity to hedge risks for both the state and industrial consumers, thereby fostering industrial electrification and competitiveness.

The report argues that direct electrification is the most efficient way to decarbonize industrial process heat, outperforming alternatives like green hydrogen, bioenergy, and carbon capture. It identifies three primary barriers: economics (high electricity costs relative to fossil fuels), grid readiness (slow interconnection and outdated planning), and technology maturity (lack of awareness and scale for high-temperature solutions). To overcome these, the authors recommend a combination of financial incentives (such as a Clean Heat Production Tax Credit), grid reforms (including surplus interconnection and real-time pricing), and foundational RD&D and workforce training.

The report examines how private equity firms use 'energy transition funds' to invest in 'false solutions'—technologies that are unproven, promote continued fossil fuel use, or lack accountability. It analyzes six specific industries: carbon capture, carbon trading, gas certification, hydrogen, biomass, and renewable natural gas. Through case studies of firms like BlackRock (GIP), Warburg Pincus, Quantum Capital Group, and Apollo, the report demonstrates a gap between sustainability claims and actual portfolio holdings, which remain heavily invested in fossil fuels. It concludes by providing due diligence resources for institutional investors to mitigate climate-related financial risks.

The 'Banking on Renewables' report critiques the current funding models of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), arguing that the rush to increase renewable energy capacity often leads to 'green extractivism' and human rights violations. It proposes three core criteria for public funding: financing a total transition to 100% renewables (excluding 'false solutions' like CCUS), ensuring democratic and decentralized energy systems, and centering people and the planet. Through case studies in India, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Indonesia, the report contrasts large-scale projects that displace communities with community-led initiatives that improve local livelihoods. It concludes with a ten-point action plan urging MDBs to increase grants over loans, adopt a strict renewable energy taxonomy, and mandate Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) for all projects.

The document argues that India's next NDC for 2035 should reflect technological progress and corporate ambition to attract investment and ensure energy security. It proposes three pillars for action: raising NDC ambition with clear sectoral targets, implementing consistent policies across power, industry, transport, and nature, and strengthening government-business engagement. The briefing highlights that 99% of Indian executives support a transition to renewable energy and suggests specific policy levers, such as Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) targets and the National Carbon Market, to accelerate decarbonization.