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The Ember report details record public subsidies of £999 million paid to the Drax biomass power station in 2025, while outlining a planned reduction to approximately £460 million per year starting in 2027.

This conclusion to a special report by the Institute for Security Studies outlines the structural and regulatory barriers hindering Tunisia's economic growth and proposes a series of comprehensive reforms across governance, labor, education, and resource management to achieve inclusive development by 2040.

This executive summary describes a report based on a survey of over 900 households in Jharkhand, India, which evaluates the targeting of LPG subsidies. It finds that subsidies are poorly distributed, with the poorest households receiving significantly less support than wealthier consumers, and suggests that policy-makers address the causes of low consumption among the poor and restrict benefits for the wealthy.

This report analyzes the distribution of residential electricity subsidies in the Indian state of Jharkhand using a survey of over 900 households. It finds that subsidies are poorly targeted, with wealthier households receiving a disproportionate share of benefits, and proposes tariff adjustments to redirect funds toward the poor.

This report by Ember examines the use of biomass co-firing in several European countries, detailing the subsidies that support the practice and its impact on the transition away from fossil fuels.

This research paper documents the deployment of solar energy in Sarda, a remote village in Odisha, India, highlighting how its location in a dense forest hinders market linkages and access to electricity and basic services.

This report presents the findings of a household survey of 1,000 consumers in Rajasthan, India, examining public attitudes toward electricity tariff reform. It highlights a significant lack of awareness regarding electricity subsidies, strong public opposition to price increases due to the high share of electricity in household budgets, and a limited but existing willingness to pay more for improved power reliability. The report suggests that reform should be gradual, demographically targeted (particularly in urban areas like Jaipur), and accompanied by mitigation measures and improved service quality.

This report examines international best practices for reforming liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) subsidies, specifically focusing on the Government of Indonesia's efforts to transition from regressive fossil fuel subsidies to clean energy without compromising energy access for low-income households.

This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the fiscal impact of India's Direct Benefit Transfer for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (DBTL), also known as PAHAL. The document challenges claims by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) regarding subsidy savings, arguing that the program likely resulted in a net fiscal cost in FY 2014/15 due to implementation expenses and the fact that most irregular connections were blocked through prior, non-DBTL processes.

This report analyzes the subsidies provided by the United Kingdom government for the Hinkley Point C nuclear power project. It argues that the combination of price guarantees, loan guarantees, and capped liabilities creates significant financial risk for the public, with total costs that are difficult to estimate due to long-term uncertainties in energy prices and the history of nuclear cost overruns.

This document introduces a review of international fuel pricing systems intended to support Indonesia in strengthening its 2015 pricing mechanism and protecting consumers from price volatility. It also briefly mentions discussions on Indonesia's battery electric vehicle ecosystem, carbon pricing progress in Southeast Asia, and the scale of Indonesia's energy subsidies in 2024.

This report by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, analyzes the energy sector in Bangladesh, focusing on the fiscal impact of energy subsidies and the government's reform agenda to meet rising electricity demand by 2021.

This review examines the available data and methodologies used to quantify subsidies for biofuels and conventional transport fuels, noting a significant lack of consistent information.

This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the prevalence of fraud and corruption within agricultural and energy subsidy programs, noting a disparity between the high funding of these programs and the low resources allocated for their monitoring.

This report analyzes energy subsidies in South Africa for financial year (FY) 2025, finding that they totaled at least ZAR 198 billion (USD 10.8 billion). The analysis highlights a heavy reliance on fossil fuel subsidies, significant financial bailouts for the state-owned power company Eskom, and inefficiencies in the Free Basic Electricity (FBE) policy. The document recommends a comprehensive action plan for subsidy reform, a financial recovery plan for Eskom, and a redesign of the carbon tax and liquid fuel subsidies to better support low-income households and the energy transition.

This briefing note from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) details the state of energy subsidies and renewable energy targets in India as of December 2018. It covers proposed amendments to the Electricity Act 2003, the fiscal burden of oil and LPG subsidies, the financial stress within the power sector, and the government's ambitions for renewable energy capacity.

This case study examines Indonesia's transition from universal commodity-based energy subsidies to targeted Energy Safety Nets (ESNs) for electricity and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). It analyzes the role of the Unified Database System (BDT) in targeting poor households, the impact of reforms on energy access and consumption, and the challenges posed by geographical remoteness and infrastructure gaps, particularly in eastern provinces.

This case study examines Energy Safety Nets (ESNs)—social assistance mechanisms designed to help poor and vulnerable households access modern energy services—in Mexico. It analyzes four specific measures: differentiated electricity tariffs, the Oportunidades Energéticas program, the Fondo de Servicio Universal Eléctrico (FSUE), and a pilot program for subsidized LPG. The report finds that while Mexico has extensive experience with social safety nets, its energy subsidies often disproportionately benefit wealthier households, and targeted ESNs have frequently been short-lived due to political transitions.

This guide by Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) defines and provides a framework for Energy Safety Nets (ESNs), which are government-led mechanisms designed to close the affordability gap for the poorest and most vulnerable people to access modern energy services, including electricity and clean cooking fuels.

This policy brief by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the gender and social equity dimensions of low-carbon energy transitions in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Through case studies of geothermal, micro-hydro, and biofuel projects, the authors argue that without gender-sensitive planning, renewable energy transitions may replicate or exacerbate existing patriarchal structures and social inequalities, particularly regarding land rights and decision-making.