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The document highlights that just 1% of Saudi Arabia's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 1,172 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 499,142 GWh. It argues that this technology could replace all fossil fuels used in the electricity sector, reducing emissions by approximately 250 megatonnes of CO2eq, while requiring significantly less land than solar, wind, or biomass. Additionally, it suggests the sector could leverage existing subsurface expertise from the oil and gas industry and support large-scale desalination.

The document outlines the potential for superhot rock geothermal energy in South Dakota, noting that just 1% of the state's estimated resource could provide 49 GW of capacity, which is 30 times the state's 2023 electricity consumption. It argues that superhot rock geothermal is a viable global energy source because it does not require natural underground water sources and provides carbon-free firm power with a significantly lower land footprint than solar, wind, or biomass.

The document highlights that just 1% of Switzerland's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 20 GW of energy capacity, generating over 167,836 GWh of electricity. This amount is more than three times the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 66,039 GWh. Utilizing this resource could theoretically replace all coal and gas used for electricity production, reducing carbon emissions by approximately 3 megatonnes, which represents 10% of Switzerland's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) goal. Additionally, the technology could eliminate the need for all natural gas and electricity imports, improving energy independence. Superhot rock geothermal is noted for its high energy density, requiring roughly 12 km² of land per 1 GW, significantly less than solar (180 km²), natural gas (160 km²), offshore wind (520 km²), or biomass (14,000 km²).

The document argues that superhot rock geothermal could be a gamechanger for Texas's energy grid, noting that just 1% of the state's resource could meet 50% of its 2023 electricity consumption. It emphasizes the technology's low land footprint and its ability to leverage existing oil and gas subsurface expertise.

The document highlights that just 1% of the UK's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 6 GW of capacity, meeting 17% of the country's 2023 electricity demand. This resource could potentially replace all coal and oil and 33% of the gas used for 2021 electricity production, reducing emissions by approximately 25 megatonnes of CO2eq. Additionally, it could replace 15% of the UK's gas imports and requires significantly less land (12 km² per 1 GW) than other energy sources like solar or wind.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as a scalable, zero-emission energy source that could significantly contribute to Washington's goal of zero-emissions electricity by 2045. Preliminary modeling indicates that just 1% of Washington's superhot rock resource could provide 126 GW of energy capacity, which is 12 times the state's 2023 electricity consumption. The technology is described as highly energy-dense, requiring only 12 sq mi of land per 1 GW, and provides reliable 24/7 power that reduces the need for excess transmission and backup generation.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as a scalable, carbon-free energy source that could significantly exceed Wyoming's current electricity needs while utilizing the state's existing oil and gas expertise.

ClientEarth argues that the European Commission's December 2025 proposals to accelerate environmental assessments and permit-granting for infrastructure projects will lead to irreversible environmental harm and human health risks. The report claims these measures undermine the Birds and Habitats Directives, restrict access to justice, and violate the precautionary and proportionality principles of EU law. Specifically, it warns that the proposals normalize the killing of protected species, create a biased 'strategic sector' permitting regime, and restrict the ability of Member States to exclude ecologically sensitive areas from Renewable Acceleration Areas (RAAs).

India aims for net-zero emissions by 2070, with interim 2030 goals including 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity and 50% energy requirements from renewables. The transition faces significant hurdles, including a heavy reliance on coal (84% of power generation) and high import dependency for crude oil and solar components. Financial requirements are immense, estimated between USD 5.7 trillion by 2050 and USD 10.1 trillion by 2070. The report emphasizes the need for a 'just transition' to protect the livelihoods of approximately 13 million people dependent on coal mining and to address regional economic imbalances. Opportunities for acceleration include the green hydrogen policy, expansion of offshore wind, and the development of domestic energy storage manufacturing to reduce reliance on China.

South Korea aims to triple its renewable energy capacity to 100GW by 2030 to mitigate the economic impact of volatile fossil fuel prices. Since 2010, wind and solar have saved the country USD 25 billion in LNG import costs. While the country possesses strong industrial capabilities in solar panels, batteries, and transformers, it faces significant land constraints and grid bottlenecks, particularly in transmitting power from Honam to Seoul. The government is prioritizing a high-voltage direct current energy highway and digital grid integration to support this transition.

Global Witness highlights that despite Shell's public claims of exiting Russia and writing down its assets, the company may receive over $1 billion from a bid by Novatek for its stake in the Sakhalin-II project. The author contends that 'writing down' assets is a meaningless accounting measure that does not end legal ownership. The document calls for Shell to donate these funds to Ukraine, noting that such a payout would cover more than 10% of the direct damage caused by Russia to Ukraine's energy infrastructure.

Global Witness argues that switching European home heating from fossil gas to hydrogen would be unaffordable for consumers and potentially cost €240 billion in infrastructure expenses. Based on analysis by Element Energy, the report claims hydrogen energy could cost more than double the price of gas, potentially exacerbating energy poverty for up to 80 million Europeans. The document further alleges that gas companies and distribution system operators (DSOs) are lobbying the European Commission to 'mutualize' these costs, meaning all gas users—including those not using hydrogen—would pay for the new infrastructure. Global Witness recommends that the EU limit hydrogen use to heavy industry and transport, instead prioritizing heat pumps and district heating for residential use.

Uttar Pradesh faces significant energy access gaps with 14.6 million households lacking electricity and existing users experiencing poor service quality. The state's electricity distribution companies are financially unsustainable, with a revenue gap reaching 17,042 crores ($2.6 billion in FY 2015), partly due to low meter installation rates in rural areas (25%) compared to urban areas (85%). Over 80% of the state's power generation relies on coal, and financial losses are currently managed through the state government assuming debt via the UDAY scheme.

The document outlines the vulnerabilities of Canada's built infrastructure—including wastewater, stormwater, buildings, water supply, transportation, and energy/communications systems—to climate hazards such as extreme heat, permafrost degradation, and storm surges. It provides a matrix of resilience options, ranging from nature-based solutions like urban forests and salt marshes to engineering adaptations such as heat-tolerant pavement, microgrids, and the burial of electrical lines.

The document establishes a taxonomy of sectors and subsectors to categorize where innovative financial instruments can be applied to increase climate resilience. It lists sectors including crop and food production, ecological services, water supply, coastal and riverine protection, disaster risk reduction, energy and transport infrastructure, other built environments, social infrastructure, and industry and manufacturing.

The report examines the gap between South Africa's high electrification rates and the actual ability of poor households to afford enough electricity to improve their lives. It introduces the concept of 'universal enabling access' and the 'Minimum Threshold Level of Consumption' (MTLC), arguing that current policies—such as the 50kWh Free Basic Electricity (FBE) allowance—are insufficient to catalyze socioeconomic development. The authors propose a 'Food First Approach,' suggesting that all households below the upper-bound poverty line should receive 350kWh of free electricity monthly to prevent a trade-off between energy and nutrition.

The report examines the discovery of natural gas in the Eastern Mediterranean, focusing on the competing claims of the Republic of Cyprus, Turkey, and Turkish Cypriots. It analyzes the commercial viability of export options—such as LNG plants and pipelines to Turkey or Europe—against a backdrop of falling global gas prices due to the US shale revolution. The text argues that while hydrocarbons offer a potential 'win-win' for regional stability, their development is currently hostage to long-standing political conflicts, particularly the Cyprus problem and strained Israeli-Turkish relations. It also explores the specific challenges facing Lebanon in becoming a gas province and the role of global energy governance and major players like Russia and the EU in shaping the region's energy future.

The Concession Agreement Template establishes a legal framework for the construction, operation, and maintenance of mini-grid facilities. It defines the rights and obligations of the Conceding Authority and the Concession Holder, covering asset management, service quality, insurance, and termination procedures, including detailed compensation mechanisms for various termination scenarios.

This template establishes a legal framework for contracts between a government contracting authority and a private contractor for the design, construction, and optional operation of mini-grid facilities. It defines the scope of work, payment structures, performance testing, and risk allocation to ensure transparency and flexibility in rural electrification projects.

The G20 Energy Access Action Plan focuses its first phase on improving electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa, where approximately 620 million people lack power. The plan proposes six key areas for collaboration: policy and regulatory environments, technology deployment, investment and finance, capacity building, regional integration, and coordination. It emphasizes a flexible, voluntary approach that respects national sovereignty over energy mixes. The document also compiles 'good practice' case studies from G20 members—including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Korea, Mexico, Russia, Singapore, and Turkey—and details specific international development projects in Africa led by the UK, France, Germany, and Italy, as well as the African Union's Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility.