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This case study examines the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus in the Cumbaza River watershed and the city of Tarapoto in San Martín, Peru. It analyzes how urbanization, deforestation, and climate change impact resource security and proposes a systems-based approach to strengthen climate resilience through green infrastructure and improved governance.

The Socio-Climate Benefits Fund (SCBF), proposed by Kaeté Investimentos, is a financial instrument designed to reverse small-scale deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon by incentivizing the adoption of agroforestry systems among smallholders through long-term investment and training.

The 2018 Goal 10 Assessment evaluates the state of forest governance, highlighting that slow improvements in institutional strength, the rule of law, and the recognition of indigenous land rights continue to hinder efforts to reduce deforestation.

The 2018 New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) Progress Assessment Goals Summary reports that the world is not on track to meet Goal 1, which aims to halve the rate of natural forest loss globally by 2020 and end it by 2030. While net forest loss has declined when accounting for regrowth, gross tree cover loss has increased, and tropical deforestation emissions have risen, peaking in 2016.

The 2018 NYDF Progress Assessment finds that while corporate commitments to deforestation-free supply chains are increasing—particularly in palm oil and timber—they remain highly variable in ambition and scope. Traceability systems are improving, and new jurisdictional initiatives in Brazil and Indonesia show promise, but financial institutions lag in addressing portfolio risks. Direct data on deforestation reduction is currently lacking, though new tools like Trase and Global Forest Watch–Commodities are being developed to fill this gap.

This report assesses progress toward Goal 3 of the New York Declaration on Forests: significantly reducing deforestation derived from economic sectors other than agriculture by 2020. It highlights the roles of infrastructure and mining as primary drivers of forest loss and identifies critical data gaps that prevent a global aggregate assessment of these impacts.

This report assesses progress toward Goal 4 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which focuses on supporting alternatives to deforestation driven by basic needs, such as subsistence farming and fuelwood collection. The document highlights a significant lack of aggregate global data to measure progress, relying instead on proxy indicators like the distribution of clean cookstoves and related financial funding.

This report assesses progress toward Goal 7 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which focuses on integrating forest-related mitigation measures into post-2020 global climate agreements. It specifically evaluates the operationalization of REDD+ financing through the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the inclusion of land-use targets in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

This report assesses progress toward Goal 8 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which focuses on providing support for strategies to reduce forest emissions. The assessment highlights a significant imbalance between 'green' finance aligned with forest goals and 'grey' finance that potentially drives deforestation, noting that international public and private investments in sustainable forestry remain insufficient compared to the scale of the challenge.

This report summarizes progress toward Goal 9 of the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), which focuses on rewarding countries and jurisdictions that reduce forest emissions through public policies, results-based payments, and private-sector commodity sourcing.

The 2018 Progress Assessment Goal 4 Update evaluates efforts to support alternatives to deforestation driven by basic human needs, such as subsistence farming and woodfuel use. While the distribution of clean cookstoves has increased significantly, financial support for woodfuel interventions has declined. The report highlights various regional case studies in the Amazon, West Africa, and Southeast Asia that employ sustainable landscape approaches and community-based management to alleviate poverty and protect forests.

The 2018 Progress Assessment Goal 6 Update reports that Goal 6—the inclusion of ambitious, quantitative forest conservation and restoration targets for 2030 in the post-2015 global development framework—has been achieved through the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015.

The 2018 Progress Assessment Goal 7 Update reports that Goal 7, which sought to include forest-related mitigation in a post-2020 global climate agreement, was achieved through the 2015 Paris Agreement. The report evaluates progress based on the operationalization of REDD+ financing and the inclusion of land-use targets in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

This policy brief examines the challenges of managing natural resources in three Rwandan districts—Rutsiro, Bugesera, and Kirehe—amidst national goals to modernize agriculture and increase energy output. It highlights a critical tension between national development targets and local resource scarcity, particularly regarding water and woody biomass, and recommends tailored local actions supported by national policy and financial incentives to ensure sustainable growth.

This 2018 guide by the World Resources Institute helps businesses navigate the legal requirements for sourcing wood, focusing on the regulatory frameworks of the United States, Australia, and the European Union. It emphasizes that illegal logging drives forest degradation and greenhouse gas emissions, and distinguishes between legal and sustainable sourcing. The guide outlines the role of trade regulations, procurement policies, and certification services in mitigating the risk of illegal timber in supply chains.

The NewClimate Institute identifies ten critical short-term sectoral benchmarks for the period 2020–2025 necessary to maintain a greenhouse gas emission pathway consistent with the 1.5°C temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.

This research paper discusses the need to rebuild trust in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) mechanisms to scale up climate mitigation. It proposes applying guiding principles from financial accounting—such as relevance, faithful representation, and comparability—to REDD+ impact reporting to attract private sector investment and ensure environmental and social robustness.

This research paper evaluates the effectiveness of woodfuel carbon-offset projects in reducing deforestation and emissions, finding that actual emission reductions are significantly lower than project expectations.

This case study by Friends of the Earth International describes the environmental and social impacts of coal mining in Indonesia, specifically in Kalimantan. It highlights the struggle of local and indigenous communities against deforestation, water pollution, and human rights abuses, while noting the contradiction between the Indonesian government's expansion of coal energy and its Paris Agreement climate commitments.

This case study by Friends of the Earth International describes the environmental and social impacts of coal mining in Indonesia, specifically focusing on the struggles of indigenous communities in Kalimantan and the support provided by Friends of the Earth Indonesia/WALHI.