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The Kenya Green Bond Programme (2017-2021) focused on developing the green bond market in Kenya through policy reform, capacity building, and the creation of supportive regulatory frameworks. Key outcomes include the development of NSE Green Bond Listing Rules, the passage of tax incentives by parliament, and the mobilization of GBP 64.95 million in private finance for climate purposes, including Kenya's first green bond. The programme also trained over 20,000 bank employees via e-learning and provided training to 16 Kenyan verifiers.

The Catalysing Climate Resilience (CCR) programme, funded by the FCDO and managed by FSD Africa, aims to build climate resilience in Africa through a three-part strategy: seeding new solutions via the Triggering Exponential Climate Action (TECA) venture launcher, accelerating growth through the Catalyst Fund, and developing the broader innovation ecosystem. The programme focuses on products and services that enable vulnerable households and businesses to adapt to climate change. Reported outcomes include the support of 70 start-ups, the creation or protection of 2,164 jobs, and the mobilisation of $11 million in public and private finance for resilience solutions.

CGAP and FSD Africa are collaborating to create a conceptual framework and research methodology to examine the nexus between climate and financial inclusion. The project aims to provide guidance to financial inclusion stakeholders on using financial services to reduce the impact of climate risks for vulnerable populations. This framework is currently being tested in Nigeria, with plans for CGAP to extend the research to at least one additional country. Current progress includes the development of a draft conceptual framework and the hiring of a research firm.

The Geothermal Risk Transfer Facility aims to catalyse private investment in African green energy by establishing a joint underwriting facility backed by local insurers to cover early-stage geothermal drilling risks. In Kenya, four insurance companies (Sanlam, APA, ICEA Lion, and Mayfair) have committed as founding members, and engagement with the regulator is positive. In Ethiopia, the programme has engaged with 13 of 18 insurance companies and plans a gap analysis with the national regulator.

In 2019/2020, Nigeria received an average of USD 1.9 billion annually in climate finance, representing only 11% of the USD 17.7 billion needed to meet its conditional NDC target. Public finance dominated the landscape, accounting for 77% of flows, primarily through concessional debt. Mitigation finance (USD 1.1 billion) outweighed adaptation finance (USD 663 million), despite the country's high vulnerability to climate risks. Energy systems received the largest share of investment (41%), with a strong focus on solar technologies, while sectors like waste and industrial processes remained severely underfunded. The report highlights a significant contradiction between climate finance goals and continued heavy investment in fossil fuels, noting that a single LNG project received USD 2.77 billion—more than the total tracked climate finance for the period.

The report showcases eight DRE projects across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, illustrating how solar PV, hydropower, and solar-powered desalination improve health services, education, and economic stability during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

The document outlines Africa's objectives for COP27, focusing on the African Group of Negotiators' (AGN) demands for increased climate finance and the recognition of the continent's special circumstances. It highlights a tension between the African Union's (AU) support for natural gas as a transition fuel and the goals of renewable energy activists. The brief also details the roles of specific 'climate champion' countries and the impact of global geopolitical tensions, such as the US-China standoff and the Russia-Ukraine war, on climate negotiations.

The UNCHAIN project utilizes an impact chain method to improve climate change risk assessments and adaptation actions. In a case study in Halmstad, Sweden, researchers adapted this model to explore how multiple hydrometeorological hazards interact with pre-existing vulnerabilities to create cascading disruptions across critical infrastructures and vital societal functions, potentially generating new vulnerable social groups. The process emphasized the co-production of knowledge, integrating stakeholder expertise from sectors such as water services, urban planning, and risk management through a participatory, iterative approach based on five selected modules of the impact chain framework.

The document argues that nature-based solutions (NbS) often fail to achieve their potential because planning ignores the complexities of scale. It highlights that NbS have longer time-lags than grey infrastructure, spatial dependencies that transcend individual sites, and jurisdictional barriers that complicate governance. The authors recommend a shift toward quantitative targets, 'no regrets' strategies, and cross-jurisdictional coordination to avoid large-scale maladaptation.

The document examines how climate-driven extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, create cascading failures in essential services that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations in Halmstad, Sweden. It identifies key drivers of social vulnerability—including age, income, and disability—and argues that municipalities should integrate social perspectives into their risk and vulnerability analyses of critical infrastructure to improve crisis preparedness.

The briefing examines social vulnerability in Halmstad, Sweden, in the context of climate-driven water-related hazards. It argues that while Sweden is generally resilient, specific social groups remain vulnerable due to intersecting factors such as age, income, and disability. Using the impact chain model, the authors demonstrate how disruptions to critical infrastructure—such as water, energy, and transport—can create cascading effects that disproportionately impact the most vulnerable and can even create new vulnerable groups. The document highlights 'erosive coping' where disaster responses may inadvertently reinforce existing inequalities. It recommends that local authorities integrate social dimensions into their risk and vulnerability assessments to design more effective disaster risk reduction strategies.

The project, 'Enhancing Adaptation and Community Resilience by Improving Water Security in Vanuatu,' is a climate adaptation investment requesting USD 23.3 million in GCF grants. It targets 85,650 direct beneficiaries across 750 communities. The initiative focuses on three outcomes: empowering communities to plan climate-resilient water resources through updated Drinking Water Safety and Security Planning (DWSSP), constructing and upgrading climate-resilient rural water infrastructure via the Capital Assistance Programme (CAP), and strengthening provincial and national institutions. The project addresses risks such as increased temperatures, extreme precipitation, and sea-level rise, which threaten water quality and availability. It specifically emphasizes gender equality by mandating 40% female representation in Rural Water Committees (RWCs) and designing infrastructure to meet the specific needs of women, children, and the elderly.

The GCF is implementing a four-pillar operational framework to enhance coordination with other climate funds. Key achievements include the establishment of a joint steering committee for the Long-Term Vision (LTV) with the GEF, the fast-track reaccreditation of nine entities with the AF, and the development of a joint GCF-GEF pavilion for COP 26 and COP 27. The report details specific funding proposals and readiness grants that demonstrate national programming coherence, as well as ongoing technical dialogues to harmonize results indicators and impact measurement methodologies across funds.

The report finds that climate change acts as an economic drag on Canada, potentially reducing GDP by 12% and household incomes by 18% by the end of the century. Low-income households are disproportionately affected, facing a potential 23% income loss. However, the document asserts that combining proactive adaptation measures with global emissions reductions can reduce total real GDP losses by 75%, with adaptation investments yielding a return of $13-$15 for every $1 spent.

The document analyzes 142 NDCs, finding that while 100 mention public transport, only 26 set specific targets. It argues that public transport is essential for limiting global warming to 1.5C by reducing private vehicle use and electrifying bus fleets. The authors identify five key implementation areas: funding for infrastructure and operations, 100% transition to electric buses, adaptation and resilience measures, broader sustainable urban transport planning, and cross-sectoral coordination.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) critiques the Western Cape's draft climate plan, arguing for greater urgency, transparency, and meaningful public participation. The CER strongly opposes the use of fossil gas as a transition fuel due to methane leakage and warns against the potential misuse of 'Net Zero' targets. They propose a comprehensive set of 27 guiding principles for the plan's implementation, emphasizing climate justice, the phase-out of fossil fuels, and the protection of vulnerable groups, particularly those in informal settlements.

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) Secretariat and Accreditation Panel (AP) assessed PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur (PT SMI) for re-accreditation and a scope upgrade. PT SMI demonstrated significant growth in climate financing, increasing its portfolio to USD 976 million by 2021 and committing to phase out fossil fuel financing. The AP recommends re-accreditation with an upgraded scope to include medium-sized projects, equity and guarantees, and high-risk (Category A/I-1) environmental and social (E&S) projects, subject to specific conditions regarding its grievance redress mechanism and external E&S auditing.

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) Secretariat and Accreditation Panel (AP) assessed World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF-US) for re-accreditation. The AP recommends re-accreditation for a second term with a medium project size limit and medium environmental and social risk category (B/I-2). While WWF-US met most fiduciary and gender standards, it partially failed the GCF Revised Environmental and Social Policy due to its institutional grievance redress mechanism (GRM) lacking independence, legitimacy, transparency, and predictability. Re-accreditation is conditional upon the AE adopting and publishing a compliant GRM policy. The assessment highlights the success of the 'Bhutan for Life' project and WWF-US's broader climate strategy, which includes a target for renewable energy to provide 50 per cent of global energy supply by 2025.

Africa requires USD 277 billion annually to meet its 2030 climate goals, yet annual flows stand at only USD 30 billion. While the region shows a better balance between adaptation and mitigation than other global regions, private sector contribution remains low at 14%. The report recommends increasing concessional finance for hard-to-abate sectors, improving data tracking through 'climate tagging', and enhancing sub-national investment capabilities to bridge the financing gap.

The 2022 floods in Pakistan, which inundated a third of the country, have created a humanitarian catastrophe that exacerbates political instability, provides opportunities for extremist recruitment, and increases risks to nuclear security. The document argues that poor ecological governance and political turbulence worsened the impact. It highlights the potential for groups like the Pakistani Taliban and Islamic State Khorasan to exploit government absence by providing aid. Furthermore, it warns that climate hazards could destabilize nuclear sites or escalate tensions between nuclear-armed neighbors India and Pakistan over water resources in the Indus River Basin. The authors urge the United States to integrate climate considerations into military support and fulfill climate finance commitments to ensure long-term security.