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The document outlines Spain's energy taxation system, primarily governed by the Hydrocarbon Tax (IEH) and the Special Tax on Coal, which are aligned with EU Directive 2003/96/EC. It details various tax subsidies, including reduced rates and exemptions for diesel in agriculture, professional transport, and aviation. To transition away from fossil fuels, Spain has implemented Law 7/2021, which prohibits new hydrocarbon exploration and mandates that new tax benefits for fossil fuels be justified by social or economic interest. The report also lists support mechanisms for renewables, such as the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and the PERTE ERHA, aimed at promoting green hydrogen, storage, and energy efficiency.

The project aims to reduce community vulnerability to climate change and improve livelihoods by mainstreaming adaptation into national policies and development plans. In Mozambique, the focus is on community-based forest fire management and early warning systems. In Kenya, the project implements drought-resistant crops and improved agricultural techniques. In Rwanda, the effort centers on increasing the resilience of the hydropower sector through natural resource management and energy planning. Regional knowledge sharing involves pilot countries and observer nations Tanzania and Madagascar.

The document details Spain's energy taxation framework, highlighting specific tax reductions and exemptions for fossil fuels in agriculture, transport, and industry. It outlines the transition toward climate neutrality by 2050 through the prohibition of new hydrocarbon exploration and the promotion of renewable gases and energy efficiency programs funded via the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan.

The document details Rwanda's 2004 electricity crisis, which was caused by declining water levels in Lake Bulera due to watershed degradation, poor maintenance, and reduced rainfall. In response, the government implemented the Environment Policy (2003), Environment Law (2005), and Land Law (2005) to protect the Rugezi Wetlands, banning agricultural and pastoral activities within 50 meters of lake shores. These measures, combined with reforestation and erosion control, restored the Ntaruka station to full operational capacity by October 2007. The crisis also prompted Rwanda to diversify its energy portfolio into methane gas, geothermal, and peat resources to reduce vulnerability to hydrological changes and climate change.

The briefing contends that converting fossil gas infrastructure to other energy sources is generally unrealistic due to technical challenges, prohibitive costs, and insufficient projected energy volumes. It asserts that hydrogen and biogas cannot replace the scale of fossil gas, and that 'blending' serves only to prolong fossil gas dependency. While it acknowledges limited viability for converting long-distance pipelines and geological storage for 'hard-to-abate' sectors, it concludes that no new gas infrastructure is justified based on future conversion potential.

The document challenges the gas industry's claims that existing and new fossil gas infrastructure can be converted to hydrogen or biogas to avoid stranded assets. It argues that projected energy volumes for hydrogen and bioenergy by 2050 are far too low to justify current gas infrastructure levels. While it acknowledges limited potential for converting long-distance pipelines and geological storage for 'hard-to-decarbonize sectors', it dismisses biogas as unsustainable and LNG terminal conversion as economically non-viable. Reclaim Finance recommends that financial actors cease all support for gas expansion.

The report provides a comprehensive overview of India's decentralised renewable energy (DRE) landscape, detailing deployment statistics, government schemes, and the role of R&D in driving innovation. It highlights the transition of DRE from basic lighting to productive livelihood applications and identifies 'weak-grid' areas as a significant growth market. The document emphasizes the necessity of harmonized international standards to prevent market spoilage and facilitate global trade. It also showcases the 'transformational journeys' of Indian companies expanding into Sub-Saharan Africa, leveraging digital technologies like Pay-as-you-Go (PayG) and standardized mini-grid models to address energy poverty.

The document lists ten financing programs providing grants, seed funding, and technical assistance for renewable energy technologies. These programs target various stages of business development, from R&D and pilots to scaling and commercial expansion, primarily within African nations and other low-income or developing regions. Funding amounts vary significantly, ranging from small grants of US $15,000 to large-scale transition grants of up to US $15 million.

The report assesses the current state of cooking energy in Madagascar, where over 80% of rural households rely on wood and over 60% of urban households use charcoal. It models a 'Base Scenario' aligned with national policy and a 'Universal Access Scenario' aligned with SDG7, estimating the fuel production potential for bioethanol, biogas, and pellets. The analysis highlights that while bio-fuels have significant potential without impacting food security, the primary barrier to adoption is the cost of fuel, which represents 97.1% of transition costs. Transitioning to clean cooking could reduce residential energy consumption by up to 65% and prevent thousands of deaths from indoor air pollution by 2030.

The report finds that global finance for energy access is insufficient, with electricity commitments reaching only half of the required USD 52 billion annually and clean cooking funding declining to USD 30 million. While electricity finance increased to USD 30.2 billion in 20 high-impact countries, it is heavily concentrated in Asia, particularly India, while Sub-Saharan Africa sees declining investments and a shift toward fossil fuels. Clean cooking remains severely underfunded, relying heavily on international grants. Case studies highlight India's success in mobilizing private finance for renewables and Indonesia's use of government subsidies to scale LPG adoption.

The report evaluates Malawi's progress toward clean cooking goals, highlighting a significant gap between current ownership and 2030 targets. It identifies affordability and low stove durability as primary barriers, estimating a $108.8M investment needed for the Compact scenario and $246.0M for the more ambitious IEP scenario. The IEP scenario envisions a total phase-out of fuelwood and charcoal by leveraging universal electrification for e-cooking and expanding biofuels. The report emphasizes the need for durable stoves, innovative financing, and regional strategies, particularly in the Northern region, to reduce health risks and gender-based time burdens associated with fuel collection.

The W-Fuel project investigated the feasibility of producing biomethane from locally sourced biodegradable waste, sludge, manure, and energy crops in northern Estonia. The study focused on two pilot sites: the Hinnu pig farm in Harju County and a proposed plant in Rakvere, Lääne-Viru County. Findings indicate that while CHP production may be more commercially profitable due to existing feed-in tariffs, upgrading biogas to biomethane for transport fuel is more socially and environmentally beneficial, particularly when accounting for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). The report also provides detailed biomass availability forecasts for 2020 and recommends specific waste prevention measures and governmental support schemes to facilitate the transition to gaseous renewable fuels.

The document details a study visit to Jagdishpur, where TERI tests advanced cookstoves and off-grid lighting. Key observations include the requirement for prepared biomass in forced draft stoves, the prevalence of multiple stove use in households, and the utility of portable solar lanterns charged via a PV micro-grid.

The document serves as a guide for designing agricultural development efforts that empower both women and men in Sub-Saharan Africa. It originated from a process initiated by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative (SIANI) to move beyond the analysis of gender roles toward devising mechanisms for changing attitudes and roles to support food security, agricultural sector growth, and poverty alleviation. The report includes analytical frameworks and case studies covering topics such as land rights, value chains, household methodologies, and 'climate-smart' agriculture.

The report evaluates Denmark's efforts to increase biogas production from 5% to 50% of total manure by 2020 to meet renewable energy and GHG targets. It identifies significant financial and infrastructural barriers at the national level, including a lack of break-even pricing and an 'infrastructural lock-in' favoring existing energy providers. A case study of the Biokraft plant on Bornholm reveals that while political support and nutrient management benefits (such as meeting 'harmony requirements') enable adoption, the plant suffered from failed high-tech investments and unstable manure supply. The report concludes that biogas's effectiveness as a tool for combating nutrient pollution is contested, and its success depends on multi-stakeholder innovation partnerships and a more transparent debate on its actual risks and benefits.

The report examines how gender inequalities in sub-Saharan Africa hinder agricultural productivity and proposes an 'empowerment pathway' focusing on agency, structure, and relations. It provides evidence that closing the gender gap in resource access could increase farm yields by 20-30%. Through case studies in countries like Kenya, Zambia, Ethiopia, and Uganda, the document illustrates successful strategies including gender-responsive budgeting, household-level gender analysis, and the engagement of traditional leaders to secure women's land rights and improve value chain participation. It also addresses the specific intersection of gender and 'climate-smart' agriculture, emphasizing that women's vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated by existing structural inequalities.

The report argues that climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is only effective when it addresses gender inequalities that make women more vulnerable to climate change and hinder their adoption of sustainable practices. It highlights that women often face barriers such as insecure land tenure, limited capital, and restrictive social norms. Through case studies in countries like Kenya, Ghana, and Uganda, the document demonstrates that successful interventions require a combination of enhancing women's agency (through training and knowledge networks), reforming institutional structures (securing land and credit rights), and transforming gender relations (encouraging male support and shared decision-making). Specific examples include the use of biogas digesters to reduce women's domestic workloads and the implementation of 'climate analogue' visits to share adaptation strategies.

The document presents a series of expert suggestions for UK government climate policy, focusing on the need for deep emission reductions, a shift toward renewable energy, and the removal of fossil fuel subsidies. Key proposals include the creation of a major infrastructure fund for energy saving and storage, the implementation of strict emission limits for new electricity generation (50gCO2/kWh), and the adoption of stringent, annually tightening emission standards for CO2 sources such as cars.

The document defends the findings of an SGR/CIEH report on shale gas, arguing that unconventional gas extraction is more invasive than conventional gas and risks exceeding global carbon budgets. It highlights regulatory resource shortages in the UK, the potential for fracking to trigger seismic events that damage wellbore integrity, and the risk of air and water contamination. The authors argue that shale gas is not a 'key component' of IPCC mitigation strategies and suggest that the UK could reduce its dependence on natural gas through energy conservation, biogas, and a transition to electric heating.

The document details a bottom-up modeling exercise using the Energy Scope tool to project Colombia's energy transition. It outlines a path toward net-zero emissions by 2050, characterized by a massive scale-up of solar and wind capacity, the gradual phase-out of fossil fuels, and the integration of energy storage and green hydrogen. The modeling identifies specific capacity targets for renewable energy across three time horizons and highlights the role of natural gas as a transitional fuel for transport and industry before full electrification.