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The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) asserts that synthetic sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is a critical component for aviation decarbonization and qualifies for section 45Z credits. CATF analysis suggests that by mid-century, global aviation energy demand could be double the projected biofuel supply, with synthetic SAF potentially meeting up to 56% of aviation demand in some scenarios. The document argues that synthetic SAF fits the section 45Z definitions of both "transportation fuel" and "sustainable aviation fuel" because it is suitable for aircraft, meets carbon intensity requirements, does not involve the prohibited co-processing of applicable materials with non-biomass feedstocks, and adheres to ASTM International standards without being derived from petroleum or palm fatty acid distillates.

The document argues that Section 45Z should prioritize low-carbon aviation fuels and avoid over-subsidizing biofuels with high indirect emissions. It recommends modifying the GREET model to align with CORSIA standards for indirect land use change (ILUC) and cautions against using negative emissions values or fugitive methane from oil and gas as feedstocks. Additionally, it advocates for the eligibility of synthetic sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and the independent application of tax credits across the fuel value chain.

The document outlines a strategy for decarbonizing the shipping sector in Washington state, focusing on the acceleration of zero or near-zero emission fuel (ZEF) supply chains and infrastructure. It evaluates the feasibility of e-fuels derived from green electrolytic hydrogen and biofuels from sustainable biomass based on emissions reductions, cost, scalability, and technological readiness.

The report evaluates Mahembe Coffee, a small and medium-sized enterprise in Rwanda that produces, processes, and exports specialty coffee. Using the RAI Tool for Agribusiness, the study finds that the company generally maintains high compliance with responsible investment principles, largely driven by the founder's commitment to community development. Key strengths include fair pricing for farmers, inclusive governance, and environmental risk management. However, the report identifies risks related to the informal nature of its operations—such as a lack of written employment contracts—and the potential for this culture to wane as the business transitions to new shareholders. It recommends formalizing policies and procedures to ensure the continuity of its social and environmental standards.

This report analyzes how G20 nations are advancing the bioeconomy, categorizing approaches into biotechnology, bioresources, and bioecology. It highlights the potential for the global bioeconomy to reach US$ 30 trillion by 2050 and emphasizes the need for equitable, biodiversity-regenerative models. The document details technological advancements in biorefineries and bio-based materials, the role of indigenous knowledge, and the importance of sustainable finance and international cooperation to align economic growth with planetary boundaries.

The document assesses the current state of bioeconomy strategies across G20 nations, identifying three primary thematic axes: biotechnology (R&D&I), bioresources (sustainable use of biodiversity), and bio-ecology (sustainable development). It highlights the significant economic potential of the sector, citing estimates that its value could reach US$30 trillion by 2050. The report emphasizes the necessity of integrating indigenous and local knowledge, ensuring social equity, and aligning bioeconomy growth with biodiversity conservation and climate action. It further examines policy enablers such as Green Public Procurement and carbon pricing, and discusses financing mechanisms including nature markets and sustainability-linked bonds. The report concludes by proposing five key themes for the G20 Initiative on Bioeconomy's program of work: integration into growth plans, livelihoods and equity, enabling finance, facilitating biotrade, and measurement methodologies.

The report concludes that ExxonMobil's strategy prioritizes fossil fuel expansion and shareholder returns over sustainable energy investments. It finds that the company's 2030 production targets and LNG capacity expansions significantly exceed the limits required to align with a 1.5°C pathway. Furthermore, the report highlights a lack of scope 3 emissions targets and a diversification strategy that relies on unsustainable energies like blue hydrogen and biofuels.

The policy brief contends that the GREET model's outdated assumptions regarding land displacement and forest impacts lead to a significant underestimation of indirect land use change (ILUC) emissions for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). This discrepancy allows high-emissions fuels, particularly land-intensive soy and corn biofuels, to qualify for the section 40B tax credit, which the author argues distorts the market against waste-based and synthetic SAF and contradicts congressional intent. The document advocates for updating GREET to a methodology similar to the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), which incorporates a broader range of ILUC values to better reflect global market impacts.

The report finds that Repsol's investment strategy prioritizes oil and gas and shareholder returns over renewable energy, with 2030 production targets projected to be 65% higher than those required for NZE alignment. While the company is diversifying into renewables and hydrogen, these remain marginal, with oil and gas expected to constitute over 70% of its energy mix by 2030. Additionally, the report notes that Repsol's scope 3 emission targets are less ambitious than its scope 1 and 2 targets, and its carbon intensity target for 2030 is 21.9% higher than the NZE.

The author contends that California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) has been compromised by corporate interests, leading to a proposal that would spend up to $27 billion on polluting biofuels from 2025 to 2035. The text calls for the program to be updated to prioritize zero-emissions transportation over combustion fuels, citing warnings from scientists at Stanford and UC Davis regarding greenhouse gas emission claims and market instability.

The document outlines the methodology used by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to map public financial flows in India's energy sector. It defines government support as encompassing subsidies, state-owned enterprise investments, and lending by public financial institutions. The annex introduces new subsidies for green hydrogen, battery storage, and electric vehicles, while retrospectively revising methodologies for coal and renewable energy support. It also details the tracking of government receipts from coal, oil, gas, and renewables to provide a comprehensive view of the financial relationship between the state and the energy sector.

In 2022, the United States had over 4.2 million climate jobs, with clean energy job creation outpacing overall job growth. Energy efficiency was the largest sector with 2.2 million jobs, followed by public transportation (821,220) and electricity transmission and distribution (over 703,000). Significant growth was observed in clean vehicles, which grew by 14.7%, and grid modernization, which saw an 11.6% increase in electricity transmission and distribution. Federal laws like the Inflation Reduction Act are expected to create over 303,500 annual construction jobs and 100,000 permanent jobs. Adaptation and resilience jobs are emerging across all 50 states, though exact total figures are unavailable.

The report provides a detailed market assessment of the refining industry in four key regions, analyzing the transition from traditional crude-based products to low-carbon alternatives like SAF, green ammonia, and e-methanol, while evaluating the impact of regional climate policies.

The Clean Air Task Force and Pacific Environment argue that proposed LCFS amendments, including strengthened carbon intensity targets and the inclusion of intrastate aviation fuel, risk driving up demand for crop-based biofuels. They warn this could lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions from land use changes and disruptions to food markets. The authors recommend volume limits on first-generation vegetable oil-based fuels, annual market impact assessments, and extending sustainability requirements to used cooking oil and waste oils.

The report argues that the fossil fuel industry has shifted from outright climate denial to a strategy of 'duplicity,' using greenwashing and misleading claims to protect profits while expanding fossil fuel production. It details how companies like ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, and Chevron overstate their clean energy investments, set unrealistic or retracted emissions goals, promote unviable 'false solutions' such as carbon capture and algae biofuels, use front groups to lobby against climate policy, and shift responsibility for emissions onto individual consumers.

The document reveals that between 2015 and 2023, the Indonesian government distributed approximately Rp179 trillion in biodiesel subsidies to 29 companies across 15 corporate groups, with a heavy concentration of funds among a few large entities. It identifies 17 Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs)—including former high-ranking police, military, and judicial officials—within the ownership or management structures of these groups, specifically highlighting Jhonlin Group, Sinar Mas, and Wilmar. The report argues that the presence of PEPs may influence the allocation of subsidies and suggests a lack of transparency in the mandatory biodiesel program, while noting that the industry remains dominated by large palm oil corporations despite the subsidies being funded by export levies from the broader palm oil sector.

The document details how seaweed is utilized across various sectors—including cosmetics, biopackaging, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, textiles, food, feed, and fertilizer—as a low-resource, biodegradable, and lower-carbon alternative to traditional materials and chemicals.

The document outlines the low-impact lifecycle of seaweed farming—from spore release in nurseries to ocean growth and spring harvest—and highlights its role in carbon absorption and coastal protection. It details how seaweed serves as a sustainable raw material for diverse industries, including biopackaging, biofuels, textiles, and livestock feed, while providing alternative income for fishers.

The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) analysis concludes that the United States can meet its climate goals through a rapid phase-out of fossil fuels and a transition to clean energy, which would yield significant economic and public health benefits. While the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) provide critical momentum, the report finds that the U.S. will fall short of its 2030 goals without additional robust policies. The most effective near-term strategy is the decarbonization of the power sector via wind and solar, while long-term reductions depend on the electrification of transportation, buildings, and industry. The report emphasizes that reducing overall energy demand can lower the required scale of new infrastructure and that a just transition must prioritize marginalized communities and hold fossil fuel companies accountable.

The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) analysis finds that while the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) accelerate emissions reductions, additional policies are required to meet US climate targets. Achieving net-zero by 2050 requires a rapid phaseout of fossil fuels, a massive scale-up of wind, solar, and energy storage, and expanded electrification and energy efficiency. The report argues that the health and climate benefits of this transition—including avoided premature deaths and reduced climate-caused damage—significantly outweigh the energy system costs.