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The document serves as a reference tool to track the recognition of Indigenous Peoples' rights and traditional knowledge within the UNFCCC process, highlighting over 60 decisions and the establishment of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform.

The Climate Bonds Standard and Certification Scheme provides a globally recognised framework for labelling debt instruments, assets, and entities aligned with a 1.5°C pathway. Since 2012, it has certified over USD350bn of Use of Proceeds Green Bonds as of 30 September 2025. The scheme utilizes a network of Approved Verifiers to ensure climate integrity across various certification types, including Use of Proceeds, Asset, Entity, and Sustainability-linked debt. A 2025 update expanded the standard to include a Resilience Taxonomy for projects strengthening resilience to physical climate risks. Eligible sectors span energy, industry, transport, agrifood, and infrastructure.

The document outlines the Climate Bonds Standard's framework for certifying green bonds in Brazil's agricultural sector, detailing the pre-issuance, issuance, and post-issuance steps. It specifies eligible agricultural projects—categorized by production units, interventions, and support activities—and lists the screening indicators required for mitigation and adaptation. The guide highlights Brazil's potential as a major agricultural producer and provides case studies of certified instruments, such as those from Rizoma Agro, Solinftec, and Produzindo Certo.

The document details the Climate Bonds Initiative's (CBI) voluntary labelling scheme designed to align agricultural debt instruments with the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement. It provides a three-step certification process (pre-issuance, issuance, and post-issuance) and defines eligible agriculture projects across three categories: whole production units, interventions within production units (mitigation and adaptation), and supporting activities. The guide highlights Brazil as a key market, noting that while land use is the second largest green bond category there, crop-specific issuance is growing, citing three certified cases: Rizoma Agro, Solinftec, and Produzindo Certo.

The 'Just Transition Compass' provides a strategic framework to move just transition concepts from high-level dialogue to scalable implementation. It identifies four core elements of a just transition: addressing existing injustices, aligning structural changes with Paris Agreement goals, ensuring meaningful stakeholder participation, and fair distribution of costs and benefits. The document argues that national transitions cannot succeed without international cooperation and proposes the creation of a permanent Just Transition coordination body within the UNFCCC to reduce fragmentation, align financial flows, and share best practices across sectors beyond energy, such as agriculture and transport.

The document argues that Indonesia's current fiscal policies in the land use sector—including forestry, oil and gas, mining, and agriculture—incentivize land expansion over productivity, contributing to deforestation and emissions. It proposes three primary areas for reform: shifting revenue collection from production-based to land-size based levies, increasing tax revenue sharing for local governments to discourage land clearing, and earmarking Adjustment Funds for sustainable land use programs. A case study on the palm oil sector highlights a low tax-to-GDP ratio of approximately 3.4% and limited revenue redistribution to local governments, illustrating the potential for fiscal optimization.

The document outlines a framework for managing FX risk in EMDEs, detailing commercial and concessional hedging tools such as forwards, swaps, and options. It highlights the role of multilateral development banks (MDBs) and specialized facilities like TCX, Eco Invest Brasil, and the Delta Platform in providing affordable risk mitigation. The guide also specifies the internal, regulatory, and financial market capacity requirements necessary for countries to effectively deploy these instruments, while identifying high costs and tenor mismatches as primary barriers to uptake.

Parametric insurance provides rapid liquidity by paying fixed amounts based on predetermined triggers rather than assessed losses. It is used across agriculture, renewable energy, infrastructure, and tourism to stabilize budgets and protect credit ratings. Implementation requires specific analytical, regulatory, and data capacities, with regional risk pools like CCRIF and ARC serving as key models for sovereign coverage. While high premiums and basis risk remain challenges, the document suggests using donor support and pilot projects to increase uptake.

The report argues that the Amazon rainforest is a strategic national asset because its evapotranspiration creates 'flying rivers' that distribute rainfall across Brazil. Deforestation, which has already affected about 20% of the biome, reduces this moisture transport, leading to significant economic losses. The document provides evidence of billion-real losses in hydroelectric power generation and highlights vulnerabilities in the rain-dependent agricultural sector, urban water systems like São Paulo's Cantareira, and the navigability of key waterways. It concludes that protecting the Amazon is a strategic imperative for national economic security.

The report contends that carbon offsets in agriculture fail to reduce absolute emissions due to measurement uncertainties, lack of permanence, and issues with additionality. It highlights how these schemes often benefit agribusinesses while undermining food security, increasing land financialization, and locking in industrial farming models. The authors recommend excluding the land sector from international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and redirecting finance toward agroecological practices.

The report identifies four primary loopholes in the proposed 2030 Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) that could undermine the EU's climate goals. These include the use of land use offsets (LULUCF), the inflation of carbon budgets based on 2020 targets, the use of surplus EU ETS allowances, and the carry-over of unused carbon permits ('hot air'). Collectively, these loopholes could result in the EU emitting 4.7 billion tonnes more CO2-equivalent than pledged, potentially allowing emissions to increase rather than decrease between 2021 and 2030.

The Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) is the EU's primary instrument for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in sectors not covered by the Emissions Trading System (ETS), accounting for approximately 60% of total EU emissions. For the 2021-2030 period, the ESR sets an overall target of -30% compared to 2005 levels, with individual Member State targets ranging from -40% to 0% based on GDP per capita. The regulation covers transport (35%), buildings (25%), agriculture (17%), industry (16%), and waste (5%). To ensure compliance, the ESR utilizes Annual Emission Allocations (AEA) and various flexibility mechanisms, including banking, borrowing, and trading units between countries, though some are criticized as 'loopholes' that may undermine decarbonization.

The document reports that there are 144 NAMAs, with the majority (137) still under development. Latin America has the highest concentration of these activities (41%), and the energy supply sector is the most represented (39%). Financing remains a significant gap, as 94 NAMAs are seeking funds, while only 10 have received financing and 5 are fully funded.

The document reports that there are 144 NAMAs globally, with 41% located in Latin America and 39% focused on energy supply. It highlights that 60% of NAMA activities are integrated into national policies and strategies. Regarding finance, 94 NAMAs are awaiting funding, while only a small number have received partial or full funding from entities such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the NAMA Facility.

The document reports that there are 144 NAMAs in various stages, with 41% located in Latin America and 39% focused on energy supply. It notes that 60% of NAMA activities are part of national policies and strategies, while financing data remains incomplete, with 94 NAMAs seeking funds.

The report 'Climate Change in the Irish Mind' details a 2021 survey of 4,000 Irish adults. It finds overwhelming consensus that climate change is happening and human-caused, with high levels of personal worry and trust in scientists. There is strong public support for government climate action, including carbon tax spending on clean energy and transport, and a general belief that climate action will improve economic growth and quality of life. While many express willingness to take political and consumer actions, actual current participation in organized campaigns remains low.

The document is a student guide designed to facilitate classroom conversations, small group discussions, or writing prompts based on 90-second radio stories from Yale Climate Connections. It provides a structured set of questions divided into categories such as general impressions, making connections, finding and evaluating solutions, justice and equity, and climate communication in action. Additionally, it lists suggested radio stories categorized by topics including energy, health, policy and politics, and species and ecosystems, and offers extension activities for deeper research and analysis.

The document outlines the drivers of global warming, specifically the emission of climate pollutants from fossil fuels, land use, and industrial activities. It introduces Project Drawdown's approach to climate action, which prioritizes the deployment of existing, scalable, and economically feasible physical practices and technologies over theoretical future developments. The text distinguishes between 'solutions' (physical practices), 'levers' (policies and investments), and 'key actors' (the people implementing them), while detailing the transparent, open-source methodology used by the Drawdown Explorer to categorize and evaluate these solutions by their mode of action and sector.

The document examines the European Investment Bank's (EIB) involvement in development projects, particularly in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific (ACP) under the Cotonou Agreement. It highlights a gap between the EIB's financial activities and the EU's sustainable development and poverty eradication goals, noting a lack of transparent project evaluations and public consultation. The text concludes with recommendations for the EIB to adopt binding sustainability criteria and establish an independent inspection mechanism.

The RE-ACT project aims to protect 40,000 small and medium-sized farmers in Guyana's coastal regions (Regions 2-6) from climate-induced floods, droughts, and saltwater intrusion. The initiative focuses on two main components: the transfer of climate-resilient crop and pasture varieties and the strengthening of institutional and community-level water management. With a total indicative cost of USD 55.72 million, the project will implement Farmer Field Schools (FFS) to train farmers in adaptive management and establish a more coordinated national water governance framework, including the proposed creation of a National Water Council.