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This briefing by Transforma presents a set of simplified negotiation options for the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG). The document reorganizes various elements from the Ad-Hoc Work Programme (AHWP) and inputs from groups such as AOSIS and LDCs into a structured framework to assist stakeholders during negotiations in Baku, Azerbaijan.

This case study examines how informal institutions, specifically patronage in Madagascar and clientelism in Mauritius, influenced the distribution of international adaptation finance from UN Adaptation Fund projects to vulnerable communities.

This executive summary details a high-level roundtable convened on March 1, 2024, to establish a climate finance dialogue agenda during Brazil's G20 presidency. The document outlines a roadmap for Brazil to leverage its leadership in the G20, BRICS, and COP30 to reform the international financial architecture, promote 'country platforms' for investment, and address gaps in adaptation and nature finance to support Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs).

This report, published by the Climate Policy Initiative in April 2024, outlines a strategic agenda for Brazil to lead global climate finance discussions during its G20 presidency and leading up to COP30. It identifies systemic gaps in climate funding for emerging markets and proposes specific reforms to the international financial architecture, the implementation of national platforms for investment, and the integration of social justice and nature-based financing into the global economic discourse.

This report by Climate Policy Initiative and E3G analyzes the financial interactions and Paris Agreement alignment of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and National Development Banks (NDBs) in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). It identifies a lack of comprehensive documentation on climate finance flows between these institutions and highlights significant divergence in how MDBs and NDBs mainstream climate considerations into their operations. The report provides recommendations to optimize operating models, clarify institutional mandates, and share technical expertise to scale up climate-related on-lending.

The Adaptation Finance Gap Update 2023 provides a detailed analysis of adaptation finance flows to developing countries between 2017 and 2021, highlighting a persistent funding gap, low disbursement ratios, and a reliance on grants for the most vulnerable nations.

This policy brief, co-authored by the Climate Policy Initiative and the Global Center on Adaptation, emphasizes the urgent need to increase the volume and effectiveness of adaptation finance for Africa. It frames climate-resilient development in Africa as an investment opportunity capable of delivering avoided losses, economic gains, and social and environmental benefits.

In a speech delivered at the South African Institute of International Affairs on 26 April 2023, President Sauli Niinistö of Finland addresses the intersection of global crises, including climate change, food insecurity, and the war in Ukraine. He emphasizes the necessity of international cooperation, the importance of a fair climate transition for Africa, and Finland's decision to join NATO in response to Russian aggression.

This white paper by the Climate Bonds Initiative presents a blueprint for a climate resilience classification framework designed to mobilize capital market investment into climate-resilient assets, activities, and entities. It proposes a systematic approach to identify eligible investments based on their 'Substantial Contribution' to resilience while avoiding maladaptation and significant harm to other sustainability goals.

This research paper analyzes the distributional outcomes of a UN Adaptation Fund project in the Aloatra-Mangoro region of Madagascar, examining how informal patronage and political connectivity influenced the allocation of climate adaptation benefits.

This report outlines the objectives of a community of practice on African climate finance, convened by the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS), the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), and the African Development Bank (AfDB), to identify adaptation finance priorities for the COP27 conference in Egypt.

This briefing by the Stockholm Environment Institute argues that multilateral adaptation finance largely treats climate risk as a local phenomenon, failing to address transboundary and 'teleconnected' risks that cross borders through trade, financial flows, and shared ecosystems. The authors propose a shift toward 'systemic resilience'—interventions focusing on whole systems rather than individual countries—to deliver shared benefits for both recipient and contributor nations.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes 24 financing strategies for climate adaptation in developing countries, categorized into discrete adaptation strategies and general climate action strategies. It evaluates how these documents are developed, the role of multilateral development banks (MDBs), and their effectiveness in mobilizing finance. The report identifies a need for better integration between ministries of finance and climate leads, more strategic use of public grants to leverage private investment, and improved country-level tracking of climate finance flows.

This fact sheet, published by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network in 2022, distils findings from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report regarding climate change impacts, future risks, and adaptation strategies specifically for Central Africa.

This policy brief by the South African Institute of International Affairs argues that scaling up adaptation finance is critical for Africa's sustainable development, as the region is highly vulnerable to climate change despite low emissions. It identifies significant funding gaps and barriers—including a lack of 'bankable' proposals and a perception that adaptation projects lack private sector viability—and proposes several innovations to attract both public and private capital.

This research paper, published by the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), outlines a proposed African climate finance agenda for the COP26 summit. Based on stakeholder dialogues conducted between April and October 2021, the document identifies critical gaps in the quantum and quality of climate finance reaching Africa, emphasizing the need for increased adaptation funding, streamlined access to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and the creation of national enabling environments to attract private investment.

This document is a research protocol outlining a methodological plan for a mixed methods systematic review. The review intends to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation finance in sub-Saharan Africa by synthesizing academic and grey literature to determine how project characteristics and funding modalities influence adaptation outcomes, specifically regarding climate change risk and vulnerability.

The Adaptation Benefits Mechanism (ABM) is a results-based financing instrument that uses grants to repay commercial investors based on third-party valuations of adaptation benefits, specifically targeting private investment in projects such as land use and forestry.

The West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project (WACA 2) is a regional initiative designed to strengthen coastal resilience in six West African countries through a portfolio of investments that mainstream climate risks into national policies and target vulnerable sectors including transport, urban, and natural resources.

A case study on Climate Investor Two, a fund managed by a consortium including Climate Fund Managers and FMO to manage the EUR 160 million Dutch Fund for Climate and Development, focusing on water, oceans, and sanitation infrastructure in low- and lower middle-income countries.