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The author contends that using CO2 equivalent (CO2e) as a single metric for emission pledges obscures the distinct atmospheric behaviors and impacts of different substances, potentially hindering both peak warming reduction and sustainable development. By pledging targets for substances separately, countries can address the specific harms of short-lived pollutants—such as methane's contribution to tropospheric ozone, which damages crops and human health—while pursuing long-term CO2 reductions, thereby achieving both climate and development goals.

The authors call for an immediate shift from the commitments made in 2015—specifically the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement—to concrete implementation. They identify three primary challenges: reorienting economies through investment and consumption changes, making the reduction of inequalities a central objective, and translating international agreements into national strategies. The text emphasizes the need for policy signals to redirect financial flows, the role of innovation coalitions, and the necessity of ensuring an equitable transition for workers and regions affected by the shift in energy and food systems.

The document outlines a roadmap for China to expand its green bond market by utilizing green securitisation, tax incentives, and credit enhancements. It argues that rapid growth in issuance and investment is necessary for green bonds to meaningfully contribute to China's climate finance and environmental investment requirements.

A coalition of 64 organizations and European Parliament members calls on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to implement a stringent global market-based mechanism (GMBM) for aviation emissions. The letter argues that aviation is a top ten global polluter and warns that emissions could grow by 300% by 2050 if left unaddressed. The signatories demand binding targets aligned with the 1.5°C Paris agreement goal, mandatory credit quality criteria to ensure environmental integrity, robust accounting to prevent double counting, and transparent decision-making processes.

Carbon Market Watch opposes a proposed simplified inclusion process for automatically additional microscale CPAs, arguing that shifting validation responsibilities to the verifying Designated Operational Entity (DOE) undermines local stakeholder consultations. The organization also requests that the Board address stakeholder comments concerning human rights issues, specifically citing the Barro Blanco project.

Carbon Market Watch outlines specific requirements for the three frameworks under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: cooperative approaches, the Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM), and non-market approaches. The organization emphasizes the need for robust accounting to prevent double counting and 'hot air' trading, the integration of human rights safeguards, and the principle of supplementarity to ensure domestic emission reductions are prioritized over the purchase of compliance.

The document argues that the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) requires a robust appeals procedure to ensure accountability, human rights protection, and climate integrity. Carbon Market Watch recommends that the scope of appeals cover both positive and negative decisions, be open to a broad definition of affected stakeholders beyond project proponents, and address both procedural and substantive violations. The statement emphasizes that public participation and access to administrative proceedings are essential for verifying that projects result in real greenhouse gas reductions without adverse social or environmental impacts.

Carbon Market Watch argues that the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) requires fundamental reform to address systemic failures in human rights, additionality, and sustainable development. The organization recommends establishing a formal grievance mechanism, strengthening civil society participation, and introducing a 'negative list' of ineligible technologies to prevent the issuance of non-additional credits. It further proposes shortening crediting periods, reforming the CDM Executive Board's composition to prevent conflicts of interest, and introducing liability rules for Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) to ensure auditor independence.

The document argues that nuclear weapons remain an urgent threat to humanity and the planet, potentially causing millions of deaths and global economic collapse. It calls for the cancellation of a proposed $1 trillion spending plan for new nuclear capabilities, a one-third reduction in the U.S. deployed strategic arsenal, and the removal of land-based missiles from instant-alert status to prevent accidental launches.

Faith and science leaders call for the reduction of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, the cancellation of new nuclear weapons programs, and the removal of land-based missiles from high-alert status to mitigate the risk of accidental or intentional nuclear war.

The document outlines technical recommendations for the California Air Resources Board (ARB) on monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) and accounting for CO2 sequestration. It emphasizes the priority of subsurface plume tracking over surface monitoring, argues that only anthropogenic CO2 should be credited, and suggests pragmatic 'haircut' approaches to credit reductions in the event of atmospheric leakage. For EOR applications, it clarifies that recycled CO2 should not require mass balance accounting and stresses the critical importance of wellbore integrity in brownfields.

Carbon Market Watch and a coalition of NGOs advocate for a revised 2030 Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) that aligns with the Paris Agreement. They propose seven key reforms: increasing ambition to reach 95% emission reductions by 2050, implementing 5-yearly review and ratchet-up mechanisms, strengthening governance with annual targets, basing 2021 allowances on actual emission levels, banning the use of EU ETS surplus allowances for ESD compliance, treating carbon removals in a separate LULUCF pillar, and prioritizing energy efficiency through synergies with existing EU legislation.

The testimony identifies significant regulatory barriers to advanced nuclear energy in the United States, specifically the NRC's reliance on light water reactor (LWR) standards and a high-risk, front-loaded investment profile for licensing. To address these, the Nuclear Innovation Alliance (NIA) recommends a staged licensing process utilizing licensing project plans (LPP), topical reports, and a 'statement of licensing feasibility' to provide early feedback to developers. The document advocates for S.2795 to provide dedicated funding for a technology-inclusive, risk-informed, and performance-based regulatory framework, while suggesting a shift in the NRC's budget structure from a fee-based model to one with more consistent public funding for new regulation development.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) submitted recommendations to the Department of Environmental Affairs to amend the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA): National Appeal Regulations, 2014. The CER argues that the current regulations may violate the right to just administrative action under the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (PAJA), specifically regarding restrictive timeframes and procedural fairness for interested and affected parties (I&APs).

The report identifies off-taker risk, primarily driven by the poor financial state of public sector electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs), as a major barrier to foreign investment in India's renewable energy sector. It suggests that existing payment security mechanisms are inadequate and lack transparency. Using a new framework based on credit and financial guarantees, the author estimates that a mechanism for a 750MW solar project should be INR 4160 million, which is nearly three times the size of the existing mechanism for JNNSM Phase 2, Batch 1. The document recommends a more transparent framework to demonstrate risk coverage and long-term structural reforms for DISCOMs.

The policy brief examines Article 10c of the EU ETS Directive, which allows lower-income Member States in Central and Eastern Europe to grant free emission allowances to the power sector provided they invest the equivalent value in energy system modernisation. The author argues that this mechanism has largely subsidised coal power and fossil fuel infrastructure rather than diversifying energy mixes, citing examples in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Romania. It highlights failures in transparency, public consultation, and additionality, specifically noting investments in the Belchatow power station. The brief recommends that the post-2020 revision implement a competitive bidding process for all investments, exclude coal from eligibility, and ensure open public consultation to align the mechanism with EU decarbonisation goals.

The paper argues that traditional cost-of-service regulation incentivizes utilities to invest in capital expenditures to meet peak demand. To counter this, it proposes a PIM based on an outcome-oriented metric—specifically the percentage reduction in peak load—rather than a measure-by-measure counterfactual approach, which it claims failed in California's Risk Reward Incentive Mechanism (RRIM). The author recommends setting long-term targets (five to eight years) with annual interim goals and utilizing a sloped, symmetrical incentive structure with upper and lower caps. To manage risk, the proposal suggests a gradual implementation starting with small revenue amounts, eventually scaling the PIM based on independent studies of the net societal benefits of peak reduction.

The document argues that China requires 2 trillion to 4 trillion RMB annually for its green transition, with the private sector expected to contribute 85% to 90% of this funding. It identifies two primary barriers to scaling green bonds: the small size of individual green projects, which fails to meet the minimum issuance requirements of institutional investors (typically 100 million to 200 million USD), and the low credit ratings of non-state enterprises and green assets. To address these, the report proposes using green asset-backed securitisation (ABS) to aggregate small projects and decouple asset risk from the issuer's balance sheet. It further recommends standardising green loan contracts, establishing financial warehousing systems, implementing tax incentives to lower financing costs, and utilizing public credit enhancements such as guarantees and insurance to attract institutional capital.

New Mexico is experiencing a warming trend with an average annual temperature increase of approximately 0.6°F per decade since 1970. This shift is driving more intense droughts, reduced snowpack, and more frequent, destructive wildfires, which threaten the state's multibillion-dollar agricultural sector and forest ecosystems. The document recommends accelerating renewable energy investments, increasing energy efficiency, retiring coal plants, and implementing robust water management and monitoring systems to build climate resilience.

Miami-Dade County faces significant risks from sea level rise, including a projected increase in tidal flooding from six events per year currently to over 380 by 2045. The document highlights threats to real estate, drinking water via the Biscayne Aquifer, electricity infrastructure, and the Everglades ecosystem. It emphasizes that pre-disaster investments are fiscally responsible, potentially saving four dollars for every dollar spent on mitigation, and calls for federal support to protect disadvantaged communities and reduce global emissions.