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This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative/PUC-Rio analyzes the total public cost of rural credit in Brazil between 2023 and 2025. It argues that the actual cost to society is nearly five times higher than the typically reported interest rate subsidies, as it includes tax benefits, public funding sources, and debt renegotiations. The study highlights significant gaps in transparency, low focalization on social and environmental goals, and regulatory asymmetries between different funding sources.

This research paper evaluates the coherence of national water, energy, and agricultural policies in four Sub-Saharan African countries to determine their impact on Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus integration and energy transition pathways.

This report by Ember analyzes how Spain's strategic expansion of renewable energy has decoupled electricity prices from volatile gas prices, shielding consumers during the 2026 energy crisis triggered by the US-Israel war with Iran. It details the reduction in gas influence on power prices, the resulting savings for typical households, and policy responses following the April 2025 Iberian blackout to improve grid resilience and electrification.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of South Africa's development trajectory to 2043, comparing a 'Current Path' (business-as-usual) against eight sectoral scenarios and a 'Combined' scenario. It examines the impacts of demographics, health, education, manufacturing, trade (AfCFTA), infrastructure, financial flows, and governance on the country's GDP, poverty levels, and carbon emissions. The analysis highlights structural challenges such as extreme inequality, high unemployment, and a history of deindustrialisation, while offering policy recommendations to transition toward an export-led, green economy with improved human capital and governance.

The 'Segundo Reporte de Monitoreo Eficiencia Energética de Vehículos Livianos en Chile' analyzes the impact of Law 21.305 on the light vehicle market during 2024 and 2025. It finds that while the average fuel efficiency of sold vehicles reached a historical record of 16.9 [km/lge] in 2025, this progress is heavily reliant on multipliers for plug-in vehicles, as only 45% of importers met their corporate efficiency standards.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative evaluates five alternative project financing models to help Indonesia's state-owned electricity firm, PLN, meet the USD 24 billion investment requirement for its 2025–2034 transmission expansion goals.

A research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute finds that conservation policies in the Brazilian Amazon that successfully reduced deforestation have generally failed to reduce anthropogenic forest degradation, leaving carbon stocks, biodiversity, and ecosystem services at risk.

This report evaluates the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) scheme in India, specifically focusing on Component A (decentralized solar plants) and Component C-FLS (feeder-level solarization). While the scheme aims to add 35 GW of solar capacity by March 2026 to improve irrigation and farmer income, it has faced low uptake, achieving only 7% of targets for Component A and 34% for Component C-FLS as of December 31, 2025. The report identifies critical barriers including poor institutional coordination, grid instability, land acquisition challenges, and tariff mismatches, while providing actionable recommendations for the design of future solar irrigation programs.

This briefing by Zero Carbon Analytics examines how the European Union's increased investment in wind and solar energy between 2022 and 2025 has reduced its vulnerability to global energy shocks, specifically comparing the impact of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine crisis with a subsequent crisis caused by a blockade of the Strait of Hormuz in 2026.

This executive summary by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes agricultural financing in the Cerrado biome and the Matopiba region. It finds that while financial flows are significant, the current architecture fails to align with sustainability and zero-deforestation goals due to high concentration among large producers and institutions, limited scale of sustainable credit, and insufficient territorial coverage.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes energy support measures in Indonesia from 2016 to 2024, highlighting a heavy fiscal reliance on fossil fuel subsidies that undermines the country's energy transition and carbon pricing efforts.

This 2025 report by the Climate Policy Initiative and PUC-Rio evaluates the implementation of Brazil's Forest Code (Law No. 12,651/2012), focusing on the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Compliance Program (PRA). It details federal governance improvements to the National Rural Environmental Registry System (SICAR), the impact of Supreme Court rulings on land management integration, and the uneven progress of CAR validation and PRA adoption across Brazilian states.

This research paper evaluates South Africa's G20 presidency, noting its partial success in raising global awareness of Africa's challenges in accessing affordable development finance while highlighting a lack of consensus on reforming the G20's Common Framework for debt restructuring and the governance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) issued a statement welcoming the G20 South Africa Summit: Leaders’ Declaration, while noting that the consensus-based nature of the outcome diluted transformative proposals and failed to deliver sufficient progress on climate and development challenges.

The NewClimate Institute's 2025 update evaluates the progress of 25 major emitters, representing over 80% of global emissions, toward their climate mitigation targets. The report finds that while total emissions under current policies may peak by 2026, the projected reductions are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C goal, which requires a 43% reduction by 2030 compared to 2019 levels.

This report by Ember analyzes the financial implications of Türkiye's decision to provide purchase guarantees for domestic coal power plants until 2030. It argues that the $8.7 billion allocated for these subsidies contradicts the country's renewable energy goals, as solar power has become the cheapest source of electricity generation in Türkiye. The report suggests that redirecting these funds toward grid modernization and removing bureaucratic barriers to diverse solar applications could help Türkiye achieve its 2035 target of 120 GW of installed wind and solar capacity.

The 2025 Forest Declaration Assessment reports that global forests remain in crisis, with deforestation and degradation rates failing to decline significantly. The document highlights a systemic failure where corporate commitments are insufficient, public and private financing is misaligned with conservation goals, and governance is undermined by power imbalances and illegal activities. While some national reforms and restoration efforts show promise, the report calls for systemic changes, mandatory regulations, and inclusive governance to meet 2030 targets.

The 2025 Forest Declaration Assessment is an executive summary produced by a civil society coalition to monitor progress toward global forest goals. It concludes that the world is 'off track' to meet 2030 targets, citing continued large-scale deforestation, increasing forest degradation, and a significant gap between international commitments and actual implementation in governance, finance, and corporate behavior.

The report describes Colombia's 'Energy Communities' program, launched in 2023 under the National Development Plan 2022-2026, which empowers off-grid rural, Indigenous, and Afro-Colombian communities to manage their own renewable energy production and distribution to reduce energy poverty and foster local economic growth.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-RIO) introduces a new economic-based methodology to assess the additionality of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) carbon projects in the Brazilian Amazon. The study finds that 77% of the carbon traded in these projects is additional, meaning the forests would have been cleared without the projects' incentives. The report highlights regional variations in additionality and discusses the impact of land tenure issues and low agricultural productivity on project integrity, specifically citing the case of Portel, Pará.