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The Raising Risk Awareness (RRA) project focused on applying extreme event attribution to understand the role of climate change in specific weather events in Ethiopia, India, and Kenya, while using the Surging Seas tool to assess coastal flooding risk in Bangladesh. The project sought to bridge the gap between science, communication, and policy to improve disaster risk management in developing countries.

The Strategic Framework for Water Security and Climate Resilient Development, developed by AMCOW and GWP, outlines a four-phase approach to identify and implement 'no/low regrets' investments in Africa. It emphasizes the critical link between water security and macroeconomic stability, noting that hydrological variability can significantly reduce GDP growth in several African nations. The framework advocates for a shift from isolated adaptation projects toward mainstreaming climate resilience within national budgeting and planning systems, such as Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks. It highlights the importance of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the use of Robust Decision Making (RDM) to ensure investments perform well across multiple climate scenarios. The document also addresses the need for diverse financing strategies, leveraging both traditional development funds and specialized climate finance like the Green Climate Fund, while promoting a transition toward a Green Economy and the inclusion of gender equality in water management.

The policy brief emphasizes that water security is a prerequisite for growth and development in Africa, noting that climate variability can significantly reduce GDP. It advocates for a strategy of 'no/low regret' investments—those that provide returns regardless of the climate scenario—to address the 'adaptation deficit' and minimize risks. The document calls for cross-sectoral coordination, increased investment in water management, and the exploitation of specialized climate adaptation funding, such as the potential Green Climate Fund, to build long-term resilience.

The document argues that the success of the global plastics treaty depends on inclusive participation, moving beyond the limitations of the existing Major Groups and Other Stakeholders (MGS) system. It analyzes previous Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and regional instruments, such as the Aarhus Convention and Escazú Agreement, to identify best practices for accreditation, speaking rights, and funding. The brief emphasizes the need for protected participation for Indigenous Peoples, waste pickers, women, and youth, who are disproportionately affected by plastic pollution. It concludes with specific recommendations for UN Member States and international bodies to implement open accreditation, provide financial support for stakeholders, and ensure transparency through public meetings and hybrid access.

This document is an amicus curiae intervention submitted by the Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (GI-ESCR) and the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) to the High Court of Kenya. The intervention argues that the Lamu Port – Southern Sudan – Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) project, as planned, violates the Constitution of Kenya and various international treaties regarding the right to development, environmental protection, the prohibition of forced evictions, and the rights of indigenous peoples and cultural heritage.

The statement, signed by several international NGOs, contends that the WTO is an inappropriate forum for investment negotiations because it would limit the ability of developing nations to regulate foreign direct investment (FDI) for development goals. It highlights risks such as the erosion of performance requirements and the imbalance of the WTO's dispute settlement system, which it claims favors industrialized nations. The authors argue that the 'Doha Development Agenda' should prioritize existing issues like agriculture and TRIPS over new investment rules, calling for a halt to negotiations until developing countries have the resources to evaluate the implications.

The author analyzes the growing consensus among developing nations and some developed entities regarding the need for a 'disclosure of origin' requirement in the patent system to prevent the misappropriation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. This effort is framed within the context of Paragraph 19 of the Doha Declaration, which tasks the TRIPS Council with examining the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD. While countries like Brazil, India, and others advocate for mandatory disclosure and proof of prior informed consent and benefit-sharing, opposition remains from the United States and Japan, though the European Union and Switzerland have shown varying degrees of openness to such systems.

The document analyzes the UNEP Options for Elements paper, identifying strengths such as the inclusion of chemicals and trade restrictions, while recommending improvements in upstream interventions, health integration, and the removal of voluntary language. It provides a detailed companion table mapping Member State submissions across twelve categories of core obligations and control measures, including primary polymer reduction, problematic product bans, microplastics, waste management, circular design, and just transition mechanisms.

CIEL argues that WIPO's response to the CBD must recognize the CBD's leading role in biodiversity and focus on creating mandatory international rules to prevent the misappropriation of genetic resources. The document criticizes the first draft for failing to emphasize the prevention of intellectual property system misuse and for not sufficiently incorporating the views of developing countries and NGOs. CIEL suggests that equitable principles, such as the 'unclean hands' doctrine, should be used to justify mandatory disclosure requirements and sanctions for non-compliance to ensure that intellectual property rights do not reward inequitable conduct.

The green bond market experienced rapid growth between 2013 and 2016, with total emissions reaching USD 81 billion in 2016. The market is increasingly dominated by the private sector, with corporate and bank emissions rising from less than 1% in 2010 to 66% in 2016. While mitigation projects—specifically clean energy, energy efficiency, and low-carbon transport—receive approximately 75% of funds, financing for adaptation grew from less than 1% in 2011 to 5% of total emissions, driven largely by US municipalities. China emerged as a leading market, projecting to be the largest globally. To support the Paris Agreement, the Climate Bonds Initiative targets annual green bond emissions of USD 1 trillion by 2020. The document recommends that governments implement national capital mobilization plans, apply international standards like the Green Bond Principles and Climate Bonds Standard, and develop national verifier networks to reduce market friction and prevent greenwashing.

The Climate Bonds Initiative offers a tiered training structure consisting of Foundation, Deep Dive, and Advanced/Specialist courses focused on GSS+ bonds, transition finance, and adaptation and resilience. These programmes utilize the Climate Bonds Resilience Taxonomy (CBRT) to address seven resilience themes, including infrastructure, food systems, and natural systems. The organization has implemented these trainings globally through partnerships with entities such as the FAO, AUDA-NEPAD, IUCN, and IFC, targeting diverse actors from municipal governments in Southeast Asia to asset managers in Thailand.

The Green Affordable Housing Finance instrument, piloted by Reall, aims to create a self-sustaining housing finance ecosystem for climate-smart affordable homes. It employs a dual-facility approach: an Enabling Environment Facility (EEF) providing technical assistance and construction finance to developers and lenders, and a Guarantee Facility to de-risk construction and mortgage loans. The instrument targets populations with low and informal incomes and requires all supported homes to meet industry standard green certification. During its five-year pilot in Kenya, the Guarantee Facility is expected to mobilize USD 37 million in lending, with a long-term scale-up goal of supporting over USD 400 million in local private loans over 15 years.

The report evaluates the evolution of NDCs for a diverse set of countries, scoring them on needs scope, granularity, timeframe, conditionality, implementation readiness, private sector mobilization, and alignment with national plans. It highlights varying levels of progress, with some countries like Nepal and Moldova showing strong improvements in costing and private sector strategies, while others like Andorra and Singapore maintain gaps in quantified financial needs.

Parametric insurance provides rapid liquidity by paying fixed amounts based on predetermined triggers rather than assessed losses. It is used across agriculture, renewable energy, infrastructure, and tourism to stabilize budgets and protect credit ratings. Implementation requires specific analytical, regulatory, and data capacities, with regional risk pools like CCRIF and ARC serving as key models for sovereign coverage. While high premiums and basis risk remain challenges, the document suggests using donor support and pilot projects to increase uptake.

The document provides a comprehensive overview of securitization as a tool for climate finance, detailing how pooling fragmented green assets into tradable securities can increase liquidity and recycle capital for originators. It outlines the roles of key stakeholders, provides a framework for assessing financial market readiness (shallow, emerging, and mature), and offers practical pathways for ministries of finance and regulators to implement these instruments. The guide also highlights specific examples of green asset-backed securities in Australia, Kenya, and West Africa, while addressing challenges such as data gaps and high transaction costs.

The document examines the European Investment Bank's (EIB) involvement in development projects, particularly in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific (ACP) under the Cotonou Agreement. It highlights a gap between the EIB's financial activities and the EU's sustainable development and poverty eradication goals, noting a lack of transparent project evaluations and public consultation. The text concludes with recommendations for the EIB to adopt binding sustainability criteria and establish an independent inspection mechanism.

Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) opposes REDD, arguing that carbon markets and financial incentives fail to address the root causes of climate change and instead lead to 'green grabbing' and the erosion of traditional forest management. The document contends that REDD shifts responsibility away from industrialized nations and threatens the land rights and cultural values of forest-dependent populations. FoEI proposes an alternative based on the legal recognition of Indigenous and community land rights, collective forest management, and a structural transition away from fossil fuels based on climate justice.

The Jubilee Insurance Company of Kenya Limited implemented a three-phased leadership development programme starting in 2013-14 to address challenges such as low staff morale and poor communication. The programme progressed from personality assessments and 360° surveys to a planned phase of building internal coaching capabilities. Early results indicate improvements in leadership cohesion, employee engagement, and business metrics, including a revenue increase from Kes. 15.48 billion in 2013 to Kes. 21.17 billion in 2014 and a reduction in staff turnover from 15% in 2012 to 10.7% in 2015.

The report analyzes the FinTech ecosystem in East Africa, identifying key enablers such as high mobile penetration and gaps in traditional financial services. It details the value propositions of FinTechs in lending, payments, insurance, and investment management, while assessing the regional investment landscape. The document highlights a strong concentration of activity in Kenya and a significant reliance on foreign venture capital, particularly from the US and Europe. It also examines the role of partnerships between mobile network operators (MNOs) and banks, and identifies critical gaps in support infrastructure and regulatory clarity.

The report examines seven key credit innovations—scoretechs, invoicetechs, lending aggregators, telco-based lenders, pay-as-you-go (PAYG), peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, and edufintech—across South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda. It finds that while digital metamorphosis is improving financial inclusion, credit access remains low, with domestic credit in sub-Saharan Africa at 39% of GDP. Telco-based lending is the most successful model in East Africa, while South Africa leads in MSME financing innovations. However, many models face challenges including high non-performing loans (NPLs), high cost of capital, and a lack of patient capital, particularly in education finance. The report recommends transitioning to hybrid customer acquisition models, leveraging blockchain to reduce fraud, and establishing more supportive regulatory sandboxes.