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The document identifies critical areas for the conservation and restoration of ecosystems to mitigate climate risks such as flooding, landslides, and coastal storms in Indonesia. It evaluates three scenarios: unconstrained conservation, infrastructure-impact conservation, and restoration. The analysis reveals that a small percentage of land area provides disproportionately high benefits for millions of people and significant portions of the national road network. Most of these priority areas lie outside existing protected networks, suggesting a need for new regulatory approaches. The brief recommends integrating these findings into national development plans (RPJMN, RPJPN), spatial planning (RTRW), and the 2020-2040 Road Network General Plan, while calling for capacity building and the integration of NbS data into national mapping platforms.

The document analyzes the environmental impact of Indonesia's palm oil sector, noting a general decline in deforestation over the last decade despite continued production growth. It highlights that while zero-deforestation commitments are widespread, they have not significantly lowered deforestation intensity compared to non-committed exporters. The analysis also emphasizes the critical role of peatlands in driving the sector's greenhouse gas emissions and the shift in export markets toward China and domestic use.

Ember recommends that Indonesia update its coal mine methane (CMM) emission calculations using IPCC 'average' global emission factors, as current estimates based on 'low emission factors' likely undercount emissions. The brief argues for the inclusion of underground mining data, the development of region-specific emission factors for Sumatra and Kalimantan, and the mandate of direct measurement in underground mines to improve safety and accuracy. It further suggests integrating GHG reporting into business licensing and implementing mitigation techniques like pre-mine drainage and Ventilation Air Methane (VAM) capture. Finally, it advises limiting coal expansion to avoid stranded assets and preparing a just transition for coal-producing regions through renewable energy and critical mineral industries.

The report alleges that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a $600 million loan to Indonesia's state-run utility, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), which lacks a 'no-coal' clause and may be used to fund coal expansion, including the Java 9 & 10 project. This contradicts ADB's public climate pledges and its October 2021 Energy Policy. The report highlights the severe health and environmental impacts of coal in Banten Province, where the Suralaya Power Station operates, and criticizes the lack of financial transparency as loan proceeds are mixed into PLN's general account.

The report identifies financial barriers as the most severe challenge to green building implementation in Indonesia, citing a lack of dedicated financing instruments and high interest rates. While national regulations like GR 16/2021 have introduced green building standards, they are limited to very large buildings and exclude the residential sector, which accounts for 83% of building energy demand. A case study in Semarang demonstrates that combining building material retrofits with high-efficiency air conditioning can reduce cooling energy use by 32% to 44%, potentially saving USD 3.19 million annually. However, meeting green building mandates in Semarang over the next decade is estimated to require USD 223.7 million in investment.

The document reveals that between 2015 and 2023, the Indonesian government distributed approximately Rp179 trillion in biodiesel subsidies to 29 companies across 15 corporate groups, with a heavy concentration of funds among a few large entities. It identifies 17 Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs)—including former high-ranking police, military, and judicial officials—within the ownership or management structures of these groups, specifically highlighting Jhonlin Group, Sinar Mas, and Wilmar. The report argues that the presence of PEPs may influence the allocation of subsidies and suggests a lack of transparency in the mandatory biodiesel program, while noting that the industry remains dominated by large palm oil corporations despite the subsidies being funded by export levies from the broader palm oil sector.

The report argues that the IFC continues to support coal development in Asia by investing in financial intermediaries, most notably the Postal Savings Bank of China. This mechanism allows the IFC to bypass its public commitments to halt coal financing, resulting in indirect support for 68.3 GW of coal-fired power capacity across China, Indonesia, and Cambodia. The document highlights the Jambi 2 project in Indonesia as a primary example of this 'loophole,' detailing the environmental and health impacts of coal mining and power generation on local communities in Jambi province.

The report highlights a significant increase in Indonesia's captive coal power capacity, which grew from 1.4 GW in 2013 to 10.8 GW in 2023. This expansion is primarily driven by the metal industry, particularly nickel and aluminium smelters, as part of a national strategy to increase the added value of natural resources. The authors argue that the government's current energy transition efforts focus too narrowly on the utility grid, ignoring the substantial emissions from captive plants. They recommend that the USD 20 billion Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) funding be used to establish a clear retirement pathway for these industrial coal plants to avoid significant health and economic burdens.

The document highlights a surge in 'captive' coal power—plants operated off-grid by industrial users—which grew from 1.4 GW in 2013 to 10.8 GW in 2023. A vast majority of this capacity is dedicated to metal smelting, particularly nickel and aluminium, often justified by policies to increase the 'value add' of natural resources. The report warns that while Indonesia is a key supplier of minerals for the global energy transition, the reliance of these smelters on coal contradicts national climate targets and the goals of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). It recommends integrating the phase-out of captive coal power into national plans to avoid significant health costs and carbon emissions.

The document analyzes the organizational structure, funding, and implementation challenges of South Africa's JETP, highlighting the gap between policy targets and practical execution. It compares the energy landscapes of South Africa and Indonesia, emphasizing the critical need for transmission grid upgrades and the social protection of coal-dependent regions. Key recommendations for Indonesia include ensuring broad government consensus, translating commitments into legislation, and prioritizing social benefits to ensure a truly 'just' transition.

The SRMI-Resilience program aims to deploy 2.16 GW of renewable energy and reduce GHG emissions by 55.01 million tons of CO2eq across Ethiopia, Guinea Bissau, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Seychelles, Somalia, Tajikistan, and Tunisia. The initiative combines technical assistance, public investments in grid resilience, and risk mitigation instruments to unlock an estimated USD 1.8 billion in private investment. Key adaptation goals include providing 3.2 million people with electricity to power cooling systems during heat waves and upgrading grid infrastructure to withstand climate hazards like floods and cyclones.

The report analyzes the contradictions between Indonesia's climate commitments and its energy planning, highlighting a significant oversupply of fossil fuel capacity and the risks of relying on 'false solutions' like biomass and ammonia co-firing.

The report highlights a significant gap between Indonesia's climate commitments and its energy policies, noting a severe oversupply of electricity primarily driven by coal. It argues that the RUPTL 2021-2030 continues to plan for fossil fuel capacity, which contradicts NZE targets. The document further critiques 'new' technologies like biomass and ammonia co-firing, CCUS, and Clean Coal Technology as 'false solutions' that risk extending the lifespan of coal plants rather than accelerating a transition to renewables.

The document argues that Indonesia's heavy reliance on coal and oil and gas creates significant social and economic risks that necessitate a 'just transition' framework. It highlights a lack of institutionalized social dialogue and the continued use of fossil fuel subsidies and recovery funding for the fossil fuel sector. The author recommends institutionalizing tripartite social dialogue, diversifying the economy in fossil-fuel-dependent regions, and utilizing state-owned enterprises to drive a green recovery through conditionalities.

The document details the status of five rhino species. The greater one-horned rhino and white rhino show recovery trends, while the Javan, Sumatran, and black rhinos remain critically threatened. Poaching is a universal threat across all species, with climate change and habitat loss specifically impacting the greater one-horned rhino.

The document examines how corruption—including bribery, collusion, nepotism, and favoritism—affects the trade of wild plants and fungi (NTFPs). It identifies key risk points from harvesting and permitting to international export and final product manufacturing. To address these, it recommends improved resource governance, the use of voluntary certification standards like FairWild, and the implementation of traceability technologies such as blockchain.

The document highlights a severe financial crisis at PLN, characterized by a 38 trillion rupiah loss in Q1 2020 and 500 trillion rupiah in debt linked to the 35,000 MW infrastructure project. It argues that the Java-Bali system is suffering from oversupply due to overestimated economic growth and electricity demand projections. The text calls for the government to stop new coal-fired power plant projects, such as PLTU Jawa 9 & 10, to prevent further losses and environmental damage.

The report examines the potential of rubberwood sales to mitigate the financial burden on Indonesian rubber smallholders during the replanting of over-aged, low-yield trees. While selling rubberwood provides some initial capital, the study finds it is insufficient on its own to cover the significant cash shortfalls associated with the five-year immaturity period of new trees. The analysis concludes that a viable financing model must combine rubberwood sales with an agroforestry approach—using intercrops to generate income—and training in good agricultural practices (GAP) to ensure long-term profitability and repayment capacity for smallholders. The report also highlights systemic barriers to finance, including a lack of land titles for collateral and high operational costs for financial service providers (FSPs).

The document examines how renewable energy transitions in West Sumatra, Indonesia, can either entrench or challenge existing social inequities. Through case studies of geothermal, micro-hydro, and biofuel projects, it highlights how patriarchal land management and closed decision-making processes exclude women and marginalized groups from benefits. It also analyzes the limitations of national LPG subsidies and grid electrification in reaching the rural poor, concluding that a gender-sensitive approach is essential to ensure just transitions.

Mighty Earth opposes the hydroelectric project by PT. North Sumatera Hydro Energy (NSHE) in the Batang Toru ecosystem, asserting it risks the extinction of the critically endangered Tapanuli Orangutan. The organization condemns a recent agreement between NSHE and the Swiss NGO PanEco, calling it a 'dirty deal' that ignores the project's location in a high-density orangutan habitat. Mighty Earth suggests that energy needs could be met by expanding the Sarulla Geothermal plant instead, and calls on President Jokowi to stop the project to protect biodiversity.