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Mongolia's progress toward a green economy was ranked 3 out of 10 in a 2018 report. The country faces significant environmental hurdles, including air pollution, land degradation, and water mismanagement, with 70% of its land lacking groundwater access. While the government has implemented the National Green Development Policy and Sustainable Development Vision 2030, a gap remains between official narratives and actual implementation. Transition efforts involve tax exemptions for renewables, the operation of 12 renewable energy sites (wind, hydro, and solar), and international support from entities like the Green Climate Fund and ADB to develop low-carbon eco-districts in Ulaanbaatar.

The report highlights the transformative potential of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that operate with a 'triple bottom line' approach to benefit local environments and communities. It identifies systemic barriers to growth, including a lack of formal definitions for 'green enterprises,' prohibitive collateral requirements for loans, and a lack of financial literacy among entrepreneurs. Through case studies in India, Mongolia, Peru, Senegal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda, the document demonstrates how LGEs—ranging from organic farming and waste recycling to sustainable fisheries—are often excluded from public and private investment. The report concludes with recommendations for public finance institutions, private investors, and national policymakers to implement global taxonomies, support clustering models, and develop specific financial products for informal and micro-scale green businesses.

The report finds that most green economy plans lack meaningful participation from marginalised groups, fail to specifically target the poorest to reduce inequality, and do not sufficiently address the limits to growth or the urgency of the low-carbon transition.

The report identifies a widening gap between coal capacity and generation, particularly in China and India, where new plants are built as 'system insurance' while renewables displace coal in actual output. Globally, the coal pipeline is narrowing geographically, with 95% of construction concentrated in China and India. However, the report notes a significant slowdown in retirements in the U.S. and EU due to policy interventions and energy security concerns. Regional analyses highlight Indonesia's growth in captive coal for industrial processing, the U.S.'s political push to sustain aging plants, and the EU's structural shift toward a coal-free system. The document also examines the impact of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on the Western Balkans and the challenges of rebuilding Ukraine's energy system.

The document outlines a framework for analyzing payments made by oil, gas, and mining companies to governments. It details ten specific tests—ranging from simple checks of payment types to complex revenue forecast comparisons—designed to identify 'red flags' or discrepancies that may indicate revenue loss due to bad deals, tax avoidance, or lack of enforcement. The guide emphasizes the use of supplementary data, such as fiscal terms and international commodity prices, to verify the accuracy of company disclosures.

The document argues that while global financial assets are sufficient to fund sustainable development, a significant funding gap and digital divide persist. It traces the history of international environmental cooperation from the 1972 Stockholm Conference to the 2015 Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the Paris Agreement. Key challenges identified include the failure of developed nations to meet the $100 billion annual climate finance goal, fragmented funding architectures, and barriers to technology transfer such as intellectual property rights. The text emphasizes that digital technologies (AI, blockchain, cloud computing) offer immense potential for zero-carbon energy and circular economies, provided that access is equitable and risks like data privacy and job loss are managed.

The paper examines the systemic vulnerabilities of pastoralists, who manage approximately 25 percent of the world's land area. It argues that conflict in these regions is driven by a combination of ecological shocks, the encroachment of agricultural frontiers, and the political marginalization of herding communities by state governments. Using a sustainable livelihoods framework, the authors identify threats to natural, financial, physical, human, social, and political capital. The document concludes that technical interventions alone are insufficient; sustainable peace requires integrating pastoralists into wider societal and political structures, protecting their mobility and resource access, and empowering their political representation.

The report examines the South African mining industry's decline, highlighted by the Marikana shootings, and argues that structural issues—including regulatory uncertainty, failing social and labour plans, and 'narrow' BEE policies—undermine investor confidence and social stability. It proposes adopting the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, replacing Social and Labour Plans with Community Development Agreements, and reforming BEE to benefit workers and communities rather than a small elite. The author warns that the ANC's proposed 'strategic nationalisation' of minerals like platinum and coal, as suggested in the SIMS report, could further jeopardise economic growth and exacerbate social conflict.

Mongolia's NDC3.0 sets an ambitious target to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by up to 52.8% by 2035 compared to a business-as-usual scenario, combining unconditional measures, forest sequestration, and conditional international support. The plan emphasizes a transition from a coal-dependent energy system to renewables and addresses high vulnerability in the livestock and agriculture sectors. Adaptation strategies focus on water security, biodiversity protection, and disaster risk reduction, with a total estimated implementation cost of USD 14.84 billion.

The report argues that MDBs fail to deliver genuine climate finance due to flawed accounting methodologies that allow fossil fuel-related projects, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) and waste-to-energy incineration, to be counted as climate action. It highlights a systemic bias toward mitigation over adaptation and a preference for loans over grants, which exacerbates debt in the Global South. Specific analysis of the AIIB and ADB reveals transparency gaps, the inclusion of high-emitting projects in climate portfolios, and a failure to integrate gender equality and human rights into climate finance principles.

The toolkit is designed to empower marginalized communities, particularly in middle- and low-income countries, to fight pollution by leveraging environmental rights. It provides eight modules containing research indicators, worksheets, and templates to help users conduct policy research, collect pollution data, and build advocacy campaigns. Developed through the STRIPE project, the toolkit's methodology is based on five years of experience in Indonesia, Thailand, Mongolia, Jamaica, Morocco, and Tunisia. The document argues that strengthening these rights is essential for pollution accountability and the realization of the right to a healthy environment.

The document examines Mongolia's transition from reactive post-disaster funding to a proactive risk management framework for its livestock sector, specifically through the Index-Based Livestock Insurance Project. It details the challenges posed by dzuds—severe winter weather events—and the failure of traditional indemnity insurance. The project utilizes mortality-based index insurance to reduce transaction costs and moral hazard, offering products like Livestock Risk Insurance and Government Catastrophic Coverage. While facing challenges such as cashmere price declines and data collection needs, the project has exceeded adoption targets and attracted international reinsurance, with plans for nationwide coverage by 2012.

The document outlines the characteristics and ecological role of snow leopards, noting their presence in 12 countries across northern and central Asia. It identifies critical threats to the species, including poaching, human-wildlife conflict, and climate change, the latter of which could eliminate up to 30% of their Himalayan habitat. WWF's conservation efforts focus on reducing retaliatory killings, stopping mining in fragile habitats, and controlling illegal wildlife trade.

The AHM Project (2012-2017) implemented a climate-smart approach to conservation across 10 demonstration sites in six Asian countries. Key achievements include bringing 2.6 million hectares of land under improved management, benefiting 19,000 people through conflict mitigation with snow leopards, and developing climate-smart landscape and watershed management plans to support the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP).

The 'Promoting Dryland Sustainable Landscapes and Biodiversity Conservation in the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia' project, led by FAO and WWF, targets nine soums in the Dornod, Khentii, and Sukhbaatar provinces. It aims to restore 0.25 million hectares of land and improve the management of 1.19 million hectares of protected areas. The project focuses on climate-smart agriculture, sustainable rangeland and forest management, and the development of sustainable value chains for livestock products like cashmere and meat. Key biodiversity targets include the conservation of the Mongolian gazelle and White-naped Crane. The project is funded by the GEF with a total budget of $56,299,586, including $50,945,000 in co-financing.

The WWF AHM Project provides technical, financial, and capacity-building support to the 12 snow leopard range countries to implement the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection (GSLEP) Program. This support includes the development of climate-smart landscape management plans, the provision of catalyst grants up to USD 5,000, and the implementation of conservation field activities in six member states. Key milestones include the 2013 Bishkek Declaration and the creation of model management plans for Eastern Nepal and Central Tian Shan.

The 'Promoting Dryland Sustainable Landscapes and Biodiversity Conservation in the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia' project (2020-2025) is a GEF-funded initiative to restore 6.86 million hectares of dryland. It focuses on biodiversity conservation, soil fertility restoration, and GHG emission reduction through four components: enabling environment strengthening, scaling up sustainable management, enhancing landscape connectivity, and project coordination.