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This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. It details the current legislative status, the deployment of emissions trading systems (ETS), and the challenges associated with carbon taxes and international trade implications, such as the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

This report, produced by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in collaboration with the Chinese Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), analyzes the social and environmental impacts of China's rapid economic growth within the forestry, cotton, and E-products sectors. It provides strategic recommendations for the Chinese government to transition these supply chains toward sustainable development to support the national goal of achieving a "harmonious society" (HeXieSheHui) by 2020.

This 2009 report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the use and impact of investment incentives used by Southeast Asian nations to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). It analyzes how these incentives affect economic growth, government revenue, technology transfer, employment, and the environment, while exploring the dynamics of investment competition within the region and with China.

This briefing provides an overview of Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) provisions within 68 Indian International Investment Agreements (IIAs) signed between 1995 and 2010. It categorizes these provisions into three types based on their formulation and examines the extent to which India defines the normative content of FET to guide arbitral interpretation.

This briefing note, published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and CUTS International, Geneva, examines the challenges faced by developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) within the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) on E-commerce. It highlights a significant digital divide and capacity gaps that hinder these nations' ability to participate in negotiations and implement future agreements. The document proposes shifting from a narrow focus on regulatory cooperation toward a comprehensive approach that includes 'enabling issues' such as infrastructure and technical assistance, and suggests adopting a hybrid Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) model based on the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) to ensure capacity-building commitments are enforceable.

This fact sheet, based on a report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, outlines the potential climate and financial impacts of fossil fuel subsidy reform (FFSR) and fossil energy taxation across 32 countries by 2030.

This executive summary describes a study conducted by PT. Q Energy South East Asia and PT. Cakramustika Swadaya for the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to identify and measure subsidies provided to oil and gas producers in Indonesia's upstream sector. The study aligns with Indonesia's commitment at the September 2009 G-20 summit to rationalize and eliminate inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.

This briefing note by the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the impact of fossil-fuel subsidy reforms on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. It argues that while SMEs are generally less energy-intensive than large enterprises, they are more vulnerable to price shocks due to lower coping capacities and a heavy reliance on low-income consumers who are most affected by fuel-driven inflation.

This report analyzes the 'true cost' of electricity generation in Indonesia, finding that coal is significantly more expensive than renewable energy when subsidies and externalities (air pollution and CO2 emissions) are included. While coal subsidies were estimated at USD 644.8 million in 2015 (likely an underestimate), renewable subsidies totaled USD 132.8 million. Despite a projected slight decline in coal's share of the primary energy mix by 2050, total consumption growth implies a large expansion in coal production, including a near-term plan for 20 GW of new coal capacity.

This report, submitted by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to the UNFCCC First Global Stocktake, analyzes the failure of governments to align public financial flows with the Paris Agreement. It argues that public support for fossil fuels remains high and often increases, creating a financial barrier to clean energy deployment. The document provides evidence of subsidy trends, the impact of COVID-19 recovery packages, and offers a framework for fossil fuel subsidy reform (FFSR) to accelerate the energy transition while ensuring social equity.

This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the global and regional policy and financial responses to the surge in foreign investment in agricultural land and water following the 2008 food crisis. It details various voluntary guidelines, principles, and financing mechanisms designed to ensure that large-scale investments are transparent, respect land rights, and contribute to food security and rural development.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) outlines the global and regional normative and financial responses to the increase in foreign investment in agricultural land and water, often termed 'land grabbing', following the 2008 food crisis. It evaluates various guidelines, principles, and funding mechanisms designed to ensure that agricultural investments are transparent, respect land rights, and contribute to rural development and food security.

This report, produced by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in partnership with the Ministry of Commerce of China (MOFCOM), analyzes the sustainability of China's fish and fish products market supply chains. Using a Global Commodity Chain Sustainability Analysis (GCCSA) framework, the study examines three specific case studies: tilapia aquaculture, cod reprocessing, and the live reef food fish trade (LRFFT). The report evaluates these chains across ecological, economic, and social dimensions, highlighting China's pivotal role as a global producer, processor, and consumer. It identifies critical challenges including illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, traceability gaps, and environmental degradation, while recommending the adoption of national traceability systems, sustainability certifications, and strategic policy integration with China's Five-Year Plans to ensure long-term sector viability.

This report, produced by the China Association of Aquatic Products Processing and Trade (CAPPMA) in collaboration with the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Chinese Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), analyzes the sustainability of China's fisheries and aquaculture supply chains. It focuses on three specific case studies—tilapia, cod, and live reef food fish—to identify environmental and social challenges and provide strategic policy guidance for integrating sustainability into China's national trade and economic policies.

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) submitted a consultation response regarding the 2022 Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (API) between Switzerland and Indonesia. While IISD acknowledges innovations in the treaty—such as stricter investor definitions to prevent 'treaty shopping' and the exclusion of speculative profits from expropriation compensation—it argues that several provisions remain problematic. Key concerns include a climate-neutral definition of investment, the persistence of unpredictable 'legitimate expectations' in the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard, and the lack of a requirement to exhaust local remedies before pursuing international arbitration. IISD recommends that Switzerland adopt more sustainable investment definitions and strengthen the right to regulate in the public interest in future treaties.

The document is a brochure for the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), an independent policy research organization. It outlines the organization's mission to provide the knowledge necessary for sustainable development through six core programs: Sustainable Economies, Clean Energy, Fresh Water, Resilient Communities, SDG Knowledge, and Reporting Services.

This fact sheet from the International Institute for Sustainable Development compares the costs of coal and renewable energy in Indonesia, highlighting the impact of coal subsidies and environmental externalities on energy competitiveness and electricity access.

This fact sheet from the International Institute for Sustainable Development argues that renewable energy is more cost-effective than coal in Indonesia when externalities are considered and highlights the disparity in subsidies between the two energy sources.

This February 2021 briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines Indonesia's energy policy landscape during the COVID-19 pandemic. It details the fluctuations in fuel and LPG subsidies, the government's strategic push for coal derivatives to reduce imports, and the challenges facing the renewable energy transition, including regulatory uncertainty and project delays.

This report evaluates the financial sustainability of Indonesia's electricity sector using the Financial Sustainability Electricity Sector (FSES) framework. It examines the state-owned utility PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), the role of government subsidies, the expansion of generation capacity through Fast Track Programmes, and the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy while achieving universal electricity access.