MINERALES CRÍTICOS: DATOS BÁSICOS

The document provides a comprehensive overview of critical minerals, which are essential for renewable energy and low-carbon technologies. It distinguishes between two primary perspectives on criticality: supply security (emphasized by the US, EU, and Japan) and value capture (emphasized by China, Australia, and Canada). The text details the importance of rare earth elements, the drivers of demand—such as electric mobility and decarbonization—and the role of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). It also highlights the significant increase in mineral requirements for electric vehicles and the global demand projections for 2050, while warning governments about supply risks, macroeconomic volatility, and the 'Dutch disease'.

• There is no universal consensus on the definition of 'criticality', as it evolves based on societal needs and supply availability. Two main perspectives exist: one focused on 'Security and control of the supply' (used by the US, EU, and Japan), where minerals are critical if they have high economic importance but are scarce and subject to import dependence; and another focused on 'Value capture' (used by Canada, Australia, and China), where countries use their abundance of minerals to gain a competitive advantage in the global supply chain.
• Rare earth elements consist of 17 chemical elements divided into heavy (9) and light (8) groups. While they are relatively abundant in the earth's crust, they are considered 'rare' due to the difficulty of extraction and the complexity of processing. Their most significant use is in permanent magnets, which accounted for approximately 29% of demand in 2020 and are essential for electric vehicles and wind turbines.

APA

Hendriwardani, M., & Ramdoo, I. (2022). MINERALES CRÍTICOS: DATOS BÁSICOS. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-09/critical-minerals-primer-es.pdf

Chicago

Hendriwardani, Murtiani, and Isabelle Ramdoo. MINERALES CRÍTICOS: DATOS BÁSICOS. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2022. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-09/critical-minerals-primer-es.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Hendriwardani |first1=Murtiani |last2=Ramdoo |first2=Isabelle |title=MINERALES CRÍTICOS: DATOS BÁSICOS |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=2022 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-09/critical-minerals-primer-es.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{hendriwardani2022minerales, author = {Hendriwardani, Murtiani and Ramdoo, Isabelle}, title = {{MINERALES CRÍTICOS: DATOS BÁSICOS}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2022}, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-09/critical-minerals-primer-es.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }