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The report analyzes Indonesia's public finance levers for clean energy, finding that while IDR 12.4 trillion was provided between 2012 and 2016, this is insufficient to meet the 2025 target of 23% renewable energy in the primary energy mix. It identifies key barriers to private investment, including high financing costs and a lack of long-term debt, and argues that capital injections into local development financial institutions (DFIs) like SMI and the use of guarantees are more effective at leveraging private capital than direct budget appropriations. The report recommends adjusting tariff structures to ensure project viability and expanding the role of DFIs to bridge financing gaps.

Novozymes employs enzyme-based catalysts to lower energy and chemical use in over 40 industrial sectors, aiming to save 100 million metric tons of CO2 annually by 2020. The company integrates circular economy principles at its Kalundborg site and uses life cycle assessments to validate the climate benefits of its products, such as bioenergy solutions and agricultural inoculants.

The report analyzes Mpumalanga's spatial status, identifying a resource-rich province dominated by coal mining and agriculture but facing severe environmental degradation and infrastructure backlogs. Key findings highlight that while the province is a national energy hub, it suffers from poor air quality in the Highveld, critical water scarcity, and significant housing shortages. The analysis emphasizes the need for urban restructuring, agrarian transformation in rural areas, and the protection of strategic water source areas and biodiversity corridors against mining encroachment.

The paper examines the role of women in the renewable energy sectors of Rwanda and South Africa, highlighting a systemic disconnect between gender-equality policies and their practical implementation in large-scale infrastructure projects. In Rwanda, while national gender strategies are strong, private sector integration remains low. In South Africa, the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement (REIPPP) programme is praised for its structure but lacks specific gender-based targets and monitoring. Key barriers identified across both contexts include limited access to STEM education for women, a lack of gender-responsive financing for women-owned businesses, and a 'tick-box' approach to gender targets by developers. The document proposes a three-tier toolkit focusing on political mandates, financial mechanisms, and educational pipelines to foster a more inclusive energy value chain.

The analysis finds that renewable energy growth is positively associated with India's GDP, employment, and energy security, while helping to reduce the fiscal deficit and net energy imports. Despite these benefits, the report projects that India will likely miss its 175 GW renewable energy target by 2022, instead reaching it between 2027 and 2033 depending on the scenario. Under an optimistic scenario, renewable energy could add up to 4.52 million domestic jobs by 2042.

The document details various green asset-backed securities (ABS) and aggregation mechanisms used to fund low-carbon transitions. It highlights specific instruments such as synthetic ABS, PACE ABS, solar ABS, and green covered bonds, providing examples of issuers and the types of underlying assets—ranging from energy-efficient mortgages to electric vehicle leases—that enable institutional investors to finance smaller-scale green assets.

India requires approximately USD 450 billion in additional capital by 2040 to reach a renewable energy capacity of 480 GW. The report argues that the sector has matured from a high-risk, high-growth stage to a low-medium risk profile with predictable yields, making it highly attractive for institutional investors such as pension funds and insurance companies. While India offers higher excess returns (3.5%) than the US (2.4%) and China (1%), significant barriers persist, most notably off-taker risk from DISCOMs, currency devaluation, and a lack of liquid financial securities. The authors propose solutions including transparent payment security mechanisms, FX hedging facilities, and the securitization of loan portfolios to attract large-scale institutional capital.

The report argues that Haiti is characterized by a 'phantom state' where a small economic elite maintains power through symbiotic relationships with security forces and external actors, particularly from the United States. This structure has led to extreme inequality, the marginalization of the poor, and a chronic lack of public services in health, education, and energy. The analysis highlights a dramatic decline in voter turnout in recent elections, suggesting a crisis of political legitimacy for presidents Michel Martelly and Jovenel Moïse. It further details the environmental degradation caused by a heavy reliance on biomass energy, the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate shocks and trade liberalization, and the prevalence of organized crime, including child trafficking through private orphanages. The report also examines the role of international actors, noting that aid often bypasses the Haitian state, further weakening its capacity.

The document examines the relationship between the low-carbon energy transition and the extractive industries, specifically focusing on South Africa. It details the specific metal requirements for various renewable energy technologies—such as solar PV, wind, and geothermal—and argues that the resulting increase in global demand for these materials can provide a strategic economic advantage for South Africa. The paper suggests that the country can leverage its vast mineral reserves to move beyond primary ore exports toward high-value manufacturing of clean technologies and the modernisation of its mining infrastructure.

The report examines the deployment of small-scale renewable energy (solar PV, wind, biogas, hydro) in East Africa, highlighting Kenya as the regional leader in market maturity and local content regulation. While off-grid solutions like solar home systems and mini-grids are expanding, the report identifies significant barriers to localisation, including a lack of local manufacturing, inadequate access to seed capital for SMEs, and fragmented institutional coordination. It recommends a regional approach to policy alignment, the development of e-learning platforms for vocational training, and the use of impact investment to build sustainable local value chains.

The report identifies a $895 billion climate-aligned bond universe, consisting of $221 billion in labelled green bonds and $674 billion in unlabelled bonds from pure-play issuers. Transport and energy are the dominant themes, with rail infrastructure being a primary driver. The document highlights the growing role of sovereign and sub-sovereign issuers, particularly in China and the US, and advocates for the green bond market to reach $1 trillion in annual issuance by 2020 to meet Paris Agreement targets.

The mining industry is a major global energy consumer, with 2014 consumption reaching almost 1,400 TWh, representing between 1.25% and 11% of total world energy use. Much of this energy is provided by carbon-intensive diesel generation, particularly at remote off-grid sites. However, falling costs for solar PV and wind energy—with global LCOE dropping by 85% and 66% respectively since 2009—now make renewables cost-competitive with diesel and grid power. The document suggests that most mining functions, excluding trucking, can be electrified, and that U.S. mines could convert an additional 30% of their energy load to electricity. Beyond carbon reduction, transitioning to renewables can provide mining companies with a 'social license to operate' by creating local jobs, improving community relations through microgrids or community solar, and helping national governments meet Paris Agreement NDCs. The 'Sunshine for Mines' program aims to catalyze the installation of 8 GW of renewable capacity in the mining sector by 2025.

The report finds that while coal may appear cheaper on a per-unit basis when considering only generation costs and subsidies, its "true cost" is significantly higher than that of renewable energy once environmental and health externalities are included. In 2015, subsidies to coal were estimated at USD 644 million, nearly five times the USD 133 million provided to renewables. The authors argue that Indonesia's energy policy should shift toward increasing the share of renewable energy and reducing coal to lower the long-term cost to society.

This research paper proposes a novel approach to joint problem analysis between Sami reindeer herders and Swedish civil servants within permitting authorities for mining, wind energy, and forestry, specifically focusing on the governance of cumulative effects assessment (CEA).

The document explains how green covered bonds, which utilize a dual recourse structure and dedicated asset pools, can provide banks with cheaper, long-term funding for low carbon projects. It highlights early examples like BerlinHyp's green Pfandbrief and the Bank of China's dual recourse bond, while arguing that standardizing green asset definitions and expanding legal frameworks to include renewable energy leases would scale the market.

The document examines the intersection of private sector activity and climate policy, highlighting the potential for a 'new industrial revolution' in green technology. It balances optimism regarding falling costs of renewables and new financial instruments with warnings about 'brown pillars' of the economy, market failures, and the risk of social dislocation similar to that seen during globalisation. The author argues for a public-private partnership where governments shape markets and provide social safety nets to ensure a just transition.

Between 2010 and 2014, US$748 million in climate finance primarily targeting climate change was committed to 15 Pacific SIDS, predominantly as grants. The funding was split between adaptation (59%) and mitigation (36%), with 72% sourced through bilateral channels, led by Australia. The vast majority of support (86%) was project-based, with a heavy concentration in creating 'enabling environments' and renewable energy. The analysis notes that Polynesian countries were more successful in attracting diverse funding than Micronesian countries, and highlights significant differences in flexibility and transaction costs between bilateral and multilateral funding sources.

The paper examines the challenges of attracting private investment for sustainable energy infrastructure in Africa, specifically focusing on the tensions between liberalization and regulation, risk-return profiles and affordability, and global goals versus local needs. Through case studies of natural gas in Tanzania and electricity in Zambia, it highlights how corruption, poor planning, and low tariffs hinder progress, while suggesting that a combination of public-private partnerships, capacity building, and democratic accountability is essential for sustainable development.

The document advocates for a transition from flat electricity rates to time-varying pricing to better align consumer demand with the availability of renewable energy. It details three primary rate structures—Time-of-Use, Critical Peak Pricing, and Real-Time Pricing—and explains how households can respond through discretionary shifts, interruptible loads, and energy storage. Using a pilot program from the Sacramento Municipal Utility District as a case study, the brief demonstrates that default enrollment in time-varying rates is more cost-effective and achieves higher aggregate savings than voluntary opt-in programs. The authors emphasize the need for transparent customer education, 'shadow billing,' and protections for low-income and vulnerable populations to ensure an equitable transition.

The report assesses the South African utility-scale renewable energy sector, primarily driven by the REIPPPP. It highlights the programme's success in procuring over 6,300 MWp of capacity and attracting R194 billion in investment. The document details the role of government policies, the shift toward competitive tariffs for wind and solar PV, and the strategic importance of local content and socio-economic development. It also identifies opportunities for municipal power procurement and the development of green technology hubs, specifically in the Western Cape.