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The document highlights a gap between official health statistics and the lived experience of extreme heat in Mexico City, where symptoms like dehydration and dizziness are prevalent despite a lack of official heatstroke death records. It emphasizes that green areas are vital for thermal buffering but are unevenly distributed, with Iztapalapa having significantly fewer green areas per inhabitant than Benito Juárez. The brief advocates for a transdisciplinary approach combining citizen mapping and climate science to improve intersectoral coordination between health and environmental sectors for preventive heat governance.

The report analyzes the flood and heat risks in Durán, Ecuador, finding that 60% of the canton faces medium to very high flood risk. It identifies a strong correlation between informal settlements, low socioeconomic status, and high vulnerability. The study recommends a master plan for storm drainage, the restoration of mangroves to mitigate tidal effects, and the implementation of urban green structures to increase resilience.

The project addresses the differential vulnerability of older adults to extreme heat in the City of Buenos Aires, particularly in vulnerable neighborhoods where infrastructure limitations and power outages hinder coping capacities. Through 634 surveys, focus groups, and the creation of heat and vulnerability maps, the project developed a pilot early response plan with differentiated measures for formal city areas and vulnerable neighborhoods. Key findings highlight a gap between knowledge of preventive measures and their actual practice, the critical role of community networks, and the need for territory-specific strategies due to non-homogeneous impacts of heat.

The document outlines twelve projects (SG-CEH-01 to SG-CEH-12) focused on the climate-environment-health nexus. Key research areas include the expansion of dengue and diarrheal diseases in Peru, Argentina, Colombia, and Cuba; the impact of extreme heat on older adults and urban populations in Mexico City, Buenos Aires, and Chile; and the effects of climate change on nutrition and agroecology in Bolivia and Uruguay. The projects emphasize the need for intersectoral coordination, community participation, and the integration of climate data into public health surveillance and urban planning to build resilience against climate-driven health risks.

The document details twelve transdisciplinary projects investigating how climate change exacerbates health vulnerabilities in the Americas. Key focus areas include the spread of dengue and waterborne diseases, the impact of extreme heat on urban populations, and the role of agroecology and community participation in building climate resilience. The findings emphasize that effective health adaptation requires intersectoral coordination, the integration of satellite and local data, and the inclusion of marginalized groups, such as rural women and the elderly, in policy design.

The report examines the role of South-South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) in fostering sustainable urban development and climate resilience in the Global South. It highlights the importance of the New Urban Agenda and the 2030 Agenda, arguing that traditional North-South cooperation is insufficient. Through various case studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the document demonstrates how cities share knowledge on green transportation, water management, and urban planning. Key examples include Shenzhen's carbon trading, India's water resilience efforts, and Mexico City's green bonds. The report concludes that while cities are critical to the 'climate battle,' they often face institutional and financial barriers that SSTC can help overcome through peer-to-peer learning and innovative financing.

The text presents 'green development' as a superior paradigm for real estate, demonstrating through case studies that integrating passive design, high-efficiency technology, and human-centric planning reduces costs and increases financial returns. It highlights the economic benefits of improved labor productivity due to better indoor environments and argues that current market incentives for architects and developers are 'perverse' because they reward inefficiency. The document details specific technical innovations in lighting, insulation, and appliances, while advocating for 'New Urbanism' to reduce infrastructure costs and restore community vitality.

Ghana faces significant cooling deficits across agriculture, healthcare, and urban environments. In the food sector, 3.2 million tons of food are lost annually, while the healthcare cold chain is hampered by unreliable electricity and a lack of refrigerated transport. Urban areas, particularly Accra, suffer from the urban heat island effect, with 85% of air conditioners being of the lowest energy efficiency category, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations and women.

Kenya faces significant cooling challenges, with 40% of agricultural produce lost annually due to inadequate cold chains and government health facilities seeing minimal electricity access improvements (69% to 70% between 2016 and 2021). While the cold chain market is projected to reach USD 2.1 billion by 2030, the sector is hindered by fragmented infrastructure and high costs for small-scale farmers. In the health sector, the Ministry of Health aims to equip all facilities with optimal Cold Chain Equipment by 2026, having already deployed 8,342 refrigerators. Urban areas like Mombasa and Nairobi's Kibera settlement suffer from the urban heat island effect and poor building design, with 90% of available air conditioners being low-efficiency models. Additional cooling needs are identified in data centres and planned nuclear power plants in Kilifi and Kwale.

The document highlights that over 3.2 billion people in 52 high-impact countries face cooling access challenges, with 1.05 billion at high risk. It advocates for a shift from equipment-based projections to a needs-based approach covering thermal comfort, food security, and healthcare. The report recommends national action plans, public-private partnerships, and targeted financing for the most vulnerable populations to ensure equitable access to sustainable cooling.

The report identifies significant cooling access gaps in Ghana, with 12.9 million people at high risk due to poverty and lack of electricity. It argues for a transition to sustainable cooling by integrating passive design, higher energy efficiency standards, and the phase-out of HFC refrigerants. Key focus areas include developing cold chains for agriculture and healthcare to reduce food loss and improve vaccine distribution, while addressing the urban heat island effect in cities like Accra and Kumasi.

The policy brief outlines a framework for Ghana to achieve sustainable cooling through the integration of cooling needs into national energy and climate plans, the establishment of a National Cooling Plan Committee, and the adoption of passive cooling and energy efficiency standards. It emphasizes the need for 'Cool Cities' initiatives in urban centers like Accra and Kumasi, the modernization of cold chains for agriculture and healthcare via renewable energy, and the use of innovative financing like green bonds to attract private investment.

The report highlights that approximately 3 billion people lack essential cooling, leading to millions of deaths annually from heatwaves, vaccine spoilage, and food insecurity. It identifies 9 high-risk countries—including India, China, and Nigeria—and categorizes vulnerable populations into rural poor, urban poor, and low-middle income groups. The document argues that meeting this demand sustainably is critical to achieving the Paris Agreement and the Kigali Amendment, as inefficient cooling could lead to a massive increase in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. Proposed solutions include passive cooling (e.g., cool roofs), district cooling, and innovative financing like PAYGO models.

The report assesses Kenya's cooling landscape, highlighting that 9.6 million people are at high risk due to lack of cooling access. It identifies critical needs in agriculture, where 40% of food is lost annually, and healthcare, where electricity gaps hinder vaccine cold chains. To mitigate these issues and align with the Energy Transition and Investment Plan (ETIP) 2023-2050, the document recommends eight policy interventions, including the adoption of passive cooling, stricter Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPs), and the phase-out of HFC refrigerants. It also proposes financial strategies such as green bonds and blended finance to overcome high upfront costs for sustainable cooling technologies.

The report identifies a significant global cooling access gap affecting approximately 3.4 billion people, categorized into the rural poor, slum dwellers, carbon captives, and middle-income groups. It highlights the critical role of cooling in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly regarding heat-related mortality, vaccine preservation, and agricultural food loss. The document emphasizes the intersection of the SDGs, the Paris Agreement, and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, warning that unmanaged demand for inefficient air conditioning could lead to a massive increase in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It proposes a holistic 'thinking thermally' approach, combining passive cooling, district cooling, and efficient technology with innovative financing models like PAYGO to provide sustainable cooling for all.

The report provides a comprehensive analysis of climate change projections for Estonia through 2100 and outlines a strategic adaptation plan to 2030. It identifies key vulnerabilities across eight priority sectors—including health, land use, nature, bioeconomy, economy, society, infrastructure, and energy—and proposes specific goals, metrics, and measures to mitigate risks such as sea-level rise, extreme weather, and ecosystem shifts. The plan estimates a total implementation cost of 43.7 million euros between 2017 and 2030.

The MTT Program supports four flagship studies focusing on the water-energy-climate nexus in the Mekong region, with a strong emphasis on gender equality and social inclusion (GEDSI). These include the SOS project on sustainable water storage in Thailand and Lao PDR; the Urban Heat Resilience project addressing urban heat islands in Thailand and Vietnam; the SAGAA project managing the transboundary Cambodia-Vietnam Mekong River Delta aquifer; and the ReTrEAT-Cities project developing participatory energy-neutral coastal retreat planning for cities in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam facing sea-level rise.

The document details the environmental and economic damages in California resulting from climate change, focusing on sea level rise, drought, public health risks, wildfires, and ecosystem decline.

The Southwest is projected to warm by 4-6°F under lower-emissions and 7-10°F under higher-emissions scenarios by the end of the century. The region faces severe water scarcity, expanding deserts, and reduced runoff, particularly in the Colorado River system. Public health risks include increased heat-related deaths in Los Angeles and worsening air quality. Economic threats include reduced yields for California specialty crops, diminished ski resort profitability due to snowpack loss, and reduced aircraft freight capacity at high-altitude airports like Phoenix and Denver. Biodiversity is critically threatened, especially in the Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands, while mountain ecosystems face range reductions and reproductive failures in wildflowers due to earlier snowmelt and spring frosts.

The document outlines a methodology for calculating urban indicators using open-source geospatial data and zonal statistics, enabling cities to benchmark their performance against global goals like the Sustainable Development Goals.