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Peru's emissions are projected to triple by 2050, driven by economic growth and energy demand. While the country has established mitigation plans and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), implementation is hindered by financial, regulatory, and knowledge barriers. Significant potential exists in renewable energy, forestry, and waste management, though the energy sector is currently dominated by natural gas. The report suggests that SECO can support Peru through capacity building for market mechanisms, financing marginal abatement cost studies, and promoting specific technologies like solar water heaters and energy-efficient industrial equipment.

The document examines Azerbaijan's transition from a fossil-fuel-dependent economy to one incorporating renewable energy, highlighting the role of COP29 as a catalyst for climate ambition. It identifies key risks, such as the economic reliance on oil rents and the potential for renewables to merely supplement rather than replace hydrocarbons. The author recommends developing a targeted energy transition strategy, protecting vulnerable groups from subsidy removals, and increasing private sector competition to ensure a just and sustainable transition.

Ghana is navigating a contradictory energy landscape where the government pursues both petroleum exploration and a net-zero target by 2070. While the National Energy Transition Framework (2022-2070) outlines a path toward decarbonization, the country's energy mix remains heavily dependent on oil and gas, which provided 64.1% of the energy supply as of April 2024. The transition is complicated by a top-down technocratic approach that has led to public resistance against policies like the ban on salvaged vehicles and carbon levies on petrol and diesel cars. Furthermore, there is a tension between domestic desires to utilize all available fossil resources for economic growth and global donor-driven pressures to accelerate the phase-out of hydrocarbons. The document recommends operationalizing a National Energy Transition Fund, improving procedural justice through public engagement, and harmonizing donor engagement to ensure a more equitable transition.

Trinidad and Tobago is transitioning from an economy where energy products account for approximately 37% of gross domestic output toward a low-carbon model. The country currently relies on 100% natural gas for power generation but has set a target of 30% renewable energy production by 2030 and a conditional 15% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 from a 2013 baseline. The briefing argues that integrating renewables would allow the state to divert natural gas to downstream petrochemical production, increasing revenue and lowering the carbon footprint compared to combustion. Key obstacles include low electricity tariffs (0.055 USD/kWh) that deter renewable investment and the risk of punitive measures from the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on petrochemical exports. The authors recommend a comprehensive decarbonisation roadmap incorporating distributional, procedural, and recognitional energy justice to protect vulnerable populations and ensure equitable participation.

The assessment examines the paths to renewable energy penetration in India, finding that wind and solar energy now offer higher returns and lower risk than coal and natural gas. It further indicates that achieving the 175 GW renewable energy target could create between 2 million and 4.5 million jobs in the wind and solar sectors by 2042.

The document outlines the financial impact of a low-carbon transition across four major economies. It highlights that net oil consumers, including China, the EU, India, and the US, could see significant financial benefits from reducing oil demand. However, it warns of substantial asset stranding risks in China and India due to planned coal-fired power capacity exceeding IEA two-degree thresholds. In contrast, the EU and US face lower coal stranding risks but must manage the eventual peak of natural gas consumption by 2030 to minimize value loss.

The document provides a framework for governments to assess how climate policies affect national budgets, focusing on the production side of fossil fuels and infrastructure. It details a five-step methodology: establishing a base case, developing scenarios, assessing policy impacts, allocating value between consumers and producers, and splitting value between government and commercial entities. The report applies this to Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Egypt, highlighting that oil assets are most sensitive to global demand shifts, while coal and gas are more influenced by regional dynamics and infrastructure. It recommends that governments reduce upfront capital commitments, adapt tax regimes, and diversify into low-carbon technologies to mitigate the risk of stranded assets.

The report finds that a majority of Americans in 2012 were unfamiliar with fracking and undecided about whether to support or oppose it. Among those who had formed an opinion, views were split, though a slim majority viewed the practice as 'bad'. Support and opposition varied significantly by gender, age, political affiliation, and geographic region, with conservatives and older males more supportive, and liberals, younger people, and residents of the Northeast and West more opposed. Associations with fracking were primarily divided between environmental concerns (linked to opposition) and economic or energy supply benefits (linked to support).

The 2026 Global Electricity Review reports that in 2025, clean energy growth—driven primarily by solar power—met 100% of new global electricity demand, resulting in the first year since 2020 where fossil fuel generation did not increase. For the first time in the modern era, renewables exceeded coal, accounting for over one-third of global electricity generation. This shift was significantly influenced by declines in fossil fuel generation in China and India, both of which saw decreases in 2025. Solar energy's growth was 18 times greater than that of gas, and the deployment of battery storage is increasingly supporting the transition to 24/7 clean power, with countries like Chile and Australia leading in grid-scale storage.

The Ember Subnational Data Methodology describes the data sources and calculation methods for electricity metrics across 36 states/union territories in India and 50 states in the US. It details the mapping of nine fuel types and the application of IPCC 5th Assessment Report emissions factors to determine carbon intensity, while noting caveats regarding fuel quality, methane potency, and plant efficiency.

The document outlines the technical processes Ember uses to assemble electricity data for 215 countries from 2000 to 2021. It describes the use of multiple sources—including the EIA, Eurostat, and IRENA—to reconcile annual and monthly data, disaggregate thermal generation, and estimate emissions using IPCC factors. The guide also provides a detailed country-by-country breakdown of the specific sources and adjustments applied to each territory's data.

In 2021, wind and solar power reached a record 10.3% of global electricity generation, with total clean energy accounting for 38%. However, a 5.4% surge in global electricity demand—driven largely by economic growth in Asia—led to a record increase in coal power, which grew by 9.0% to reach 10,042 TWh. Consequently, power sector CO2 emissions rose by 7% in 2021, the largest percentage increase since 2010, surpassing pre-pandemic levels.

The briefing argues that the EU can cut Russian gas imports by 66% (101 bcm) by 2025 by fast-tracking the 'Fit for 55' package and scaling renewables and electrification. It asserts that this reduction can be achieved without new gas import infrastructure or extending coal power generation.

The document outlines Ember's methodology for assembling electricity data for 215 countries. It describes the use of multiple sources—including Eurostat, ENTSO-E, the Energy Institute, and the U.S. Energy Information Administration—to reconcile annual and monthly time series. The guide explains how Ember handles data gaps through ARIMA-based projections, disaggregates thermal generation using IEA and EI ratios, and calculates lifecycle emissions using IPCC and UNECE factors. It also provides a comprehensive country-by-country breakdown of the specific sources and adjustments applied to each national dataset.

A technical analysis indicates California can reach 85 percent carbon-free electricity by 2030 even under extreme stressors, such as the August 2020 heat waves and the retirement of one-third of natural gas capacity. To support this, the brief recommends diversifying clean energy resources (including offshore wind and geothermal), phasing out natural gas plants—particularly in disadvantaged communities—and leveraging demand-side resources like energy efficiency and demand response. It also suggests improving regional coordination across Western states and refining reliability evaluation tools used by the CPUC, CEC, and CAISO.

Analysis shows that the weighted average cost of coal power in the U.S. rose from $36/MWh in 2021 to $46/MWh in 2024, a 28 percent increase that outpaced inflation. This rise is attributed to higher fuel, operations, and maintenance costs, as well as declining capacity factors. Despite these economics, some U.S. federal policies and state regulators have extended the lives of expensive plants, such as Plant Bowen in Georgia and the Hunter and Huntington plants in Utah, potentially increasing the financial burden on electricity consumers.

Energy Innovation research indicates that natural gas-fired power plants offer only modest climate benefits over a 100-year timeframe and can potentially contribute to climate change if methane leaks are high or if they displace renewable energy. While using existing gas capacity to replace aging coal plants is recommended, the brief argues against investing in new large baseload gas plants. It highlights that methane is significantly more potent than carbon dioxide, with leakage rates in the United States estimated between two and four percent, which diminishes the emissions advantage of gas over coal.

The document finds that reaching an 85% clean electricity target by 2030 is feasible and reliable for California, even under most simultaneous stress conditions. Analysis indicates that while solar and battery storage are primary drivers, a diverse portfolio including offshore wind and geothermal reduces dependence on imports and gas. Battery storage specifically reduces the 'duck curve' ramping requirements by an average of 42%. While the state can retire nearly a third of its in-state gas fleet under certain conditions, some gas remains necessary for reliability unless replaced by comparable firm clean resources. The study emphasizes that sharing power with the rest of the Western United States is more optimal than a 'go it alone' approach.

The U.S. Senate's "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" is projected to reduce new electricity capacity by 340 GW by 2035, primarily affecting wind and solar. This reduction, combined with higher gas prices, is expected to increase wholesale electricity prices by 74% by 2035 and raise residential electricity rates by 10 to 18%. Consequently, the bill is forecast to cause annual GDP losses of $130 billion by 2030 and peak job losses of 900,000 in 2032.

The Senate Budget Committee's version of the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” is projected to significantly reduce U.S. electricity generation capacity by 2035, primarily through the repeal of clean energy tax credits and the introduction of a new excise tax on wind and solar facilities. These policies are forecast to increase wholesale electricity prices by 61 percent by 2035 and raise residential, commercial, and industrial electricity rates by 9 to 16 percent. The resulting decline in energy resource deployment and advanced manufacturing is expected to cost the U.S. $960 billion in GDP over the budget window and lead to job losses peaking at 900,000 in 2032.