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The project aims to mitigate the impacts of increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall in Southern Madagascar, which have led to frequent droughts and food insecurity. It proposes a paradigm shift from focusing solely on water supply infrastructure to adapting the underlying water resources system. Key strategies include managed aquifer recharge (MAR) to store wet season surpluses, expanding hydro-meteorological monitoring networks, and developing community-based drought adaptation plans. The project targets 24 communes with approximately 553,240 direct beneficiaries, utilizing a combination of GCF grants and co-financing from the World Bank and UNICEF.

The project aims to protect and restore forest ecosystems in three target areas of Senegal—the Niayes zone, the Delta of Sine Saloum, and the Casamance—to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and enhance adaptation for approximately 834,453 direct beneficiaries. The strategy centers on upscaling Sustainable Forest Management Plans (SFMPs), implementing a Payment for Forest Ecosystem Services (PFES) mechanism, and introducing rainwater harvesting to reduce community dependence on forest resources. With a total indicative cost of US$ 24.5 million, the project seeks US$ 15.0 million in GCF grants to address financial barriers in a Least Developed Country (LDC) context.

The assessment finds that nature-based infrastructure (stream renaturalization) is the most cost-efficient and climate-resilient option, providing the highest net benefits primarily through avoided flood damages and additional water supply. While grey infrastructure (concrete culverts) has the highest upfront costs and provides no environmental co-benefits, nature-based solutions maintain superior performance across various climate scenarios, although they are more labour-intensive to maintain.

The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) developed a prioritization framework using remote sensing and watershed mapping to assess the impact of wildfires on water resources in the Chiquitania region of Bolivia. This tool aims to guide policymakers in using the watershed as the primary unit for land and water management, filling a gap in existing restoration plans that overlook hydrological issues.

In response to the 2019 'megafire' in the Chiquitano Forest, which burned approximately 3.6 million hectares, the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) developed a pilot framework to help Bolivian policymakers use watersheds as the primary management unit for land and water planning. The framework combines remote sensing data on land use and fire from 2001 to 2019 with watershed maps and water-related indicators, such as groundwater recharge areas, to identify vulnerable zones. While current restoration plans in the Santa Cruz Department focus on socio-economic and governance actions, they lack water resource components. SEI's tool distinguishes between fires in intact forests versus those in areas already converted to agriculture and identifies northern Chiquitania as having the highest groundwater recharge potential. Future work involves adding criteria like ecosystem relevance and population size, and developing a regional-scale model using the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) tool to quantify the hydrological impacts of forest cover loss.

The document examines how climate change exacerbates water scarcity, poor water and air quality, and economic instability in the San Joaquin Valley, offering specific adaptation strategies for households and communities.

The study analyzes the 'El Morro' catchment in Argentina, where the conversion of native forests to agriculture has led to rising water tables and the emergence of new streams. The authors identify five mechanisms of competition: plants taking water from streams via unsaturated uptake (mechanism 1), focalized saturated uptake in wetlands (mechanism 2), and distributed saturated uptake in forests (mechanism 3); and streams taking water from plants through streambed deepening (mechanism 4) and sediment deposition (mechanism 5). Findings indicate that while unsaturated uptake previously suppressed streamflow, current high water tables have made saturated uptake by forests and wetlands significant, though deepening streams are now actively reclaiming water by lowering local water tables.

The project aims to reduce the discharge of treated wastewater into wadis by implementing an integrated management approach at two treatment plants: Al Lajoon in Karak and Wadi El-Sir in Amman. It focuses on providing cost-effective reclaimed water to vulnerable farmers, introducing climate-resilient crop varieties, and deploying solar-powered water-pumping systems. The initiative seeks to reduce pressure on groundwater and improve livelihoods through a new pricing strategy and the promotion of green technologies like composting. The project expects to benefit 158,000 direct and 450,000 indirect beneficiaries, representing 7% of Jordan's population, with a total estimated cost of 9,725,000 USD.

The study evaluates a parsimonious geospatial tool for mapping monthly water budgets, groundwater recharge, baseflow, and quickflow in Peru and Myanmar. In Peru, the tool's spatial distribution of baseflow contributions showed a strong correlation with an established model (r2 = 0.81). In Myanmar, the model performed satisfactorily in representing month-to-month variation (NSE 0.6–0.8), though it exhibited scale-dependent errors in large basins. The findings suggest that while trade-offs exist between model complexity and accuracy, such simple models can support watershed management in resource-limited settings.

The interim evaluation of the GCF project FP007 in the Maldives finds the project generally on track, with a 'moderately satisfactory' rating for its overall objective. The project aims to provide safe freshwater to 105,000 people by scaling up integrated water supply systems (rainwater, groundwater, and desalination). While infrastructure construction for rainwater harvesting (RWH) and integrated water resource management (IWRM) systems is advancing, the evaluation notes that targets for groundwater recharge and consumption are unrealistic for the project's timeframe. Initial implementation was hampered by political transitions and procurement delays, but financial delivery improved significantly in 2019. Sustainability is rated as 'moderately likely,' contingent on the government's commitment to operation and maintenance (O&M) budgets and the ability of utilities to recover costs.

The Malekula Water Supply Project aims to transition water infrastructure on Malekula Island from vulnerable decentralised systems to climate-resilient centralised systems. The project addresses freshwater scarcity caused by sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion, and erratic rainfall. Key interventions include relocating boreholes inland to avoid salinity, installing new extraction and treatment systems from the Malua and Losinwei rivers, and implementing ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) through the restoration of indigenous forests to improve groundwater recharge and reduce erosion. The project also establishes emergency water supply protocols and consumption-based tariffs to ensure long-term operational sustainability.

The 'Recharge Pakistan' project is a 10-year initiative (2020-2030) designed to shift Pakistan's flood management from a reliance on 'grey' hard-infrastructure to 'green' ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA). With an indicative total cost of USD 150 million, the project aims to reduce flood risk and enhance groundwater recharge at six selected sites along a 1,300km stretch of the Indus River. The project targets direct benefits for 10 million people and indirect benefits for 20 million others by restoring wetlands, managing hill torrents, and diversifying community livelihoods. It is led by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) as the Accredited Entity, with the Federal Flood Commission and the Ministry of Climate Change serving as executing entities.

The report identifies Strategic Water Source Areas (SWSAs) as critical land areas that provide a disproportionate amount of surface water runoff or groundwater recharge, sustaining over 50% of South Africa's population and 64% of its economy. It establishes a management framework to mitigate impacts from forestry, agriculture, mining, and invasive alien plants, while providing guidelines for government planners to integrate SWSA maps into strategic development frameworks and zoning schemes.

The report defines and maps 22 national Strategic Water Source Areas for surface water (SWSA-sw) and 37 for groundwater (SWSA-gw) in South Africa, including transboundary areas in Lesotho and Swaziland. It links these areas to major urban centres and agricultural sectors, highlighting that a small percentage of land provides a disproportionate amount of the region's water. The study identifies significant threats from invasive alien plants, mining, and land degradation, and recommends integrating SWSAs into national policy, legislation, and spatial planning to ensure long-term water security.

The project aims to enhance Jordan's resilience to climate change through a systemic 'water-agriculture-energy-climate change nexus' approach. It targets three regions—the Northern Highlands, Central Badia, and Southern Highlands—focusing on diversifying water supply, improving agricultural productivity via climate-smart practices, and integrating solar-powered irrigation. With an indicative total cost of USD 245 million (USD 50 million requested from the GCF), the project seeks to benefit 540,000 people, particularly rural poor and women, while reducing GHG emissions through solar energy and forest restoration.

The document details a participatory approach to groundwater management in Yolo County, California, where stakeholders defined sustainability objectives and evaluated seven management strategies against uncertainties. The process identified that a 'business-as-usual' approach was unlikely to succeed, while a conjunctive use strategy involving winter recharge and storage ponds proved effective under various climate and regulatory scenarios.

The proposal outlines a project to enhance groundwater recharge in 10,000 community ponds using structural adaptation measures and the installation of 1,000 solar pumps for irrigation in Odisha, India. The project aims to benefit 5.2 million vulnerable people, particularly SC-ST communities and women, by improving water tables and food security. With a total investment of 166.297 million USD, the project requests 34.357 million USD in GCF grants, complemented by co-financing from the Government of Odisha and the World Bank. Key expected outcomes include the avoidance of 2,614 tonnes of CO2 per year and the stabilization of up to 1 million agricultural jobs over four years.

The document examines the complexities of groundwater governance, distinguishing it from surface water management due to the resource's invisibility and dispersed private exploitation. It highlights the critical interdependence between governance and technical monitoring, using the Netherlands as a model for integrated data collection. A global diagnostic reveals significant gaps in actor participation, legal harmonization, and policy scope across different stages of management development. The paper also addresses the scarcity of dedicated international treaties for the 592 identified transboundary aquifers and concludes with a strategic roadmap for 2030 to prevent irreversible degradation of aquifer systems.

The study utilizes a high-resolution model of Israel's water supply to determine that current desalination capacity significantly exceeds optimal levels, even under climate-change-induced recharge declines. It further finds that the 'Balanced Budget Water Economy' legislation imposes a welfare cost exceeding USD 100 million annually due to the gap between average and marginal costs.

The report highlights the Western Cape's status as a water-stressed region where demand is projected to surpass supply by 2019 in the Western Cape Water Supply System (WCWSS). It identifies diverse business opportunities in the green economy, including precision irrigation, desalination, water reclamation, and the reduction of non-revenue water. The document details the institutional structure of South African water management and outlines specific funding incentives and grants available for greentech manufacturers and infrastructure projects.