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The report details the implementation of Phase 2 of Rwanda's climate adaptation Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) system. Following a pilot in the agriculture sector, this phase focused on tracking seven specific adaptation indicators from Rwanda's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)—four in human settlements and three in transport—to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation initiatives and inform future strategies.

The document argues that nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate adaptation are more effective when they are gender-responsive and socially inclusive, accounting for how climate change and biodiversity loss impact people differently based on their societal positions. It emphasizes the necessity of working with Indigenous Peoples and local communities and utilizing integrated climate risk assessments to ensure NbS advance gender equality and social inclusion while enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. A specific example is provided regarding Fijian coastal communities restoring wetlands and utilizing traditional kuta weaving to build climate resilience.

India's power grid is facing increased strain from record-breaking heatwaves and power demand, as seen in May 2024 when nationwide demand hit 250 GW. While battery energy storage systems (BESS) costs in India have dropped 65 percent over the last two years, investment is hindered by market rules that only recognize 'energy only' dispatch strategies. The document asserts that if regulators recognize a 'full value stack'—including resource adequacy, ancillary services, and transmission and distribution (T+D) deferral—BESS profit margins could range from 24 to 70 percent. To unlock this market, the document recommends that the Forum of Regulators provide valuation guidance, state regulators incorporate BESS into long-term resource adequacy planning, and the Central Electricity Authority (CERC) increase transparency and access to ancillary service markets.

The report examines how 13 global cities are evolving their climate adaptation measurement strategies, moving from simple output tracking to outcome-based evaluations. It highlights the importance of collaborative governance, the need for structured internal knowledge management to prevent the loss of institutional memory, and the integration of community-centric approaches to ensure equity and inclusivity. The document identifies systemic challenges such as data silos, resource constraints, and legal restrictions like GDPR, while proposing strategies to strengthen data infrastructure and foster a culture of continuous learning.

The report identifies a significant funding gap in China's agri-food climate transition, noting that global climate finance for the sector is only one-seventh of what is required. It argues that while public funds currently dominate, mobilising private capital through transition finance—including sustainability-linked loans, bonds, and blended finance—is essential. The document highlights barriers such as inadequate GHG emission disclosure among Chinese agri-food companies and a lack of credible transition plans. It recommends that regulators establish standardised accounting for agri-food emissions, support the development of entity-level transition plans, and align agricultural subsidies with climate goals to ensure a just transition for smallholders and SMEs.

The report details a systematic approach to quantifying 'bottom-up' climate finance needs—the capital countries state they require to meet national targets—as opposed to 'top-down' predictive models. CPI reviewed 168 NDCs, standardizing diverse data on currency, timeframes, and sector classifications using its Global Landscape of Climate Finance (GLCF) taxonomy. The methodology distinguishes between unconditional (domestic) and conditional (international) needs, while acknowledging significant data gaps, as less than half of the reviewed NDCs provided fully costed finance needs.

The guide establishes 'Common Principles' for tracking green finance, emphasizing conservativeness and granularity. It details a three-step qualification process for adaptation finance and a whitelist-based approach for mitigation. It also introduces a methodology for biodiversity finance based on OECD Rio Markers and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, while addressing challenges like taxonomy misalignment and resource limitations within development finance institutions.

The guide establishes a standardized framework for tracking climate mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity finance. It provides detailed lists of eligible activities for mitigation, a three-step validation process for adaptation, and specific criteria for biodiversity finance. The document emphasizes the use of ex-ante GHG emission reduction assessments and offers methodologies for quantifying finance through incremental or proportional approaches to ensure transparency and avoid double-counting.

Climate finance for land use in Brazil averaged R$ 88.1 billion annually from 2021 to 2023, a 145% increase over the 2015-2020 period. Domestic sources provided 97% of these funds, with rural credit serving as the primary instrument (58% of total flows). While mitigation remains the dominant climate use (57%), there was a significant surge in 'loss and damage' payments, which grew 357% between 2021 and 2023 due to government indemnities for extreme weather events. The report highlights a heavy reliance on self-declared sustainable practices in rural credit and a decline in thematic bonds, while noting the critical role of the federal budget in supporting native forests.

Global climate finance more than doubled between 2018 and 2022, reaching USD 1.46 trillion in 2022, yet remains far below the USD 7.4 trillion annual average needed by 2030 for a 1.5°C scenario. Mitigation finance dominates the landscape, driven by renewable energy and electric vehicles in advanced economies and China, while adaptation finance, though growing, remains severely underfunded, particularly for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The report highlights a critical imbalance, noting that fossil fuel subsidies reached USD 1.4 trillion in 2022, nearly equaling total climate finance. It recommends reforming the global financial architecture through increased concessional finance, risk mitigation, and the redirection of fossil fuel expenditures to close the investment gap.

In 2023, IDFC members committed $199 billion in green finance, a 31% decrease from 2022, largely due to currency depreciation in East Asia and the Pacific and the adoption of more conservative tracking methodologies. Climate finance dominated at 98% of total green finance, with mitigation accounting for 89% of that amount. Adaptation finance fell significantly to $10.5 billion, while biodiversity finance reached its lowest level since 2020 at $8.2 billion. The report emphasizes the role of public development banks (PDBs) in providing transformative finance and calls for the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG) to integrate 'transformational criteria' to better catalyze private investment.

In 2021/22, Nigeria received USD 2.5 billion in climate finance, a 32% increase from 2019/20, yet this remains far below the estimated annual need of USD 29.7 billion. Public actors provided 70% of the funding, led by multilateral development finance institutions (DFIs), while private finance accounted for 30%, primarily driven by corporate investments in solar PV. Mitigation efforts, particularly in energy systems, dominated the landscape, while adaptation finance reached only USD 735 million, covering just 6% of annual needs. The report highlights a heavy reliance on debt-based financing, which is concerning given Nigeria's high debt-servicing costs. Key barriers include the high cost of capital, a lack of bankable projects, and data gaps. The authors recommend operationalizing the National Climate Change Fund, prioritizing anticipatory adaptation, and pursuing innovative financing such as green bonds and debt-for-climate swaps.

The methodology for the Landscape of Climate Finance in Africa 2024 describes the framework used to identify and categorize climate finance flows. It employs a taxonomy to distinguish between mitigation, adaptation, and dual-benefits finance across sectors such as energy, transport, and agriculture. The approach relies on a mix of public and proprietary data from sources like the OECD, BNEF, and the World Bank, while acknowledging significant gaps in domestic public expenditure tracking and private sector reporting. The document also details the classification of African countries by subregion and income status.

The report finds that international concessional climate finance grew by 50% from 2019 to reach USD 81 billion in 2022, though it remains small compared to fossil fuel subsidies. Sub-Saharan Africa is the primary recipient of these flows. The analysis highlights a gap in adaptation finance and a lack of standardized impact metrics. Domestic concessional finance is heavily concentrated in high-income economies, particularly Western Europe, and focuses primarily on mitigation. The report recommends redirecting fossil fuel subsidies, targeting fragile and conflict-affected states, and streamlining project approval processes to enhance efficiency.

The SAP002 project, implemented by the World Food Programme (WFP), focuses on improving climate resilience in the Naryn, Osh, and Batken regions of Kyrgyzstan. As of June 2024, 48% of planned activities have been completed, including the installation of eight Automatic Weather Stations and the training of nearly 9,000 farmers in climate-resilient practices. While the project has successfully increased food security and improved access to drinking water in some areas, it has faced delays due to high staff turnover in government agencies and technical team instability. The evaluation highlights a significant paradigm shift in community awareness of climate change, though a majority of beneficiaries remain unwilling to pay for localized climate services.

The PROEZA project in Eastern Paraguay aims to combine social protection with climate action by implementing agroforestry systems and efficient stoves for vulnerable households. While the evaluation recognizes the project's innovative approach and its success in improving land tenure security, it finds that overall implementation is very low, with less than 5% of final targets for agroforestry plantations achieved. Major obstacles include weak project design, high personnel turnover, the COVID-19 pandemic, and an unattractive credit line for medium-sized landowners. The report highlights risks to sustainability due to low institutional ownership and a lack of clear future financing, and it recommends a revised roadmap with realistic targets and a strengthened exit strategy.

The report analyzes gender disparities in Senegal's agricultural sector, where women contribute approximately 80% of food production but face severe constraints in land ownership, financial access, and decision-making. It evaluates national and international legal frameworks, the impact of climate change and COVID-19 on rural women, and the role of La Banque Agricole (LBA) in providing gender-sensitive credit. The document proposes a strategic approach for the Green Climate Finance Facility, including dedicated funding, technical training for women, and the use of Sharia-compliant financing to overcome socio-cultural barriers to climate-smart agriculture.

The paper argues that the corporate concept of solvency is inapplicable to sovereign states, suggesting instead that debt sustainability should be the anchoring concept for liquidity discussions. It identifies three interpretations of liquidity challenges: as a contrast to solvency, as rollover risks, and as a gap in financing for long-term investments. The authors highlight a prevalent "too optimistic" bias in sustainability assessments, which delays necessary debt restructurings. They recommend that debtor countries prioritize creating fiscal space through restructuring and that the international community enhance transparency via multistakeholder forums to align debt sustainability analyses with climate and development investment needs.

The document examines the role of migrant remittances as a resilient financial flow to Africa, highlighting their potential to bypass bureaucratic barriers in climate adaptation. It notes that while remittances reached US$100.1 billion in 2022, high transaction costs and low climate literacy hinder their effectiveness. The brief recommends lowering remittance costs, enhancing diaspora engagement through mechanisms like diaspora bonds, and improving climate literacy to empower local communities in building resilience.

The report highlights that climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices, particularly mulching and agroforestry, can significantly increase coffee yields and carbon sequestration in the East African Community (EAC). It notes a growing export market in the EU, which accounted for 60.1% of EAC coffee exports in 2021, but emphasizes that producers must adopt CSA to meet stringent EU sustainability, traceability, and phytosanitary requirements. Key barriers to CSA adoption include limited finance, land tenure issues, and inadequate extension services.