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The document outlines the role of business in achieving Indonesia's 2035 NDC, highlighting a USD 3.8 trillion investment opportunity. It identifies critical barriers such as regulatory uncertainty and fragmented institutional responsibilities, while proposing solutions across the power, industry, and transport sectors to align national policy with private sector readiness.

The We Mean Business coalition outlines eight key policy asks for the COP21 Paris Agreement to ensure the transition to a low carbon economy is "inevitable, irreversible and irresistible." The brief argues that a clear, ambitious legal framework is essential to provide the policy certainty businesses and investors need to allocate capital toward decarbonization. Key recommendations include a long-term goal of net zero emissions well before the end of the century, five-year cycles for strengthening national commitments, the adoption of meaningful carbon pricing, and the scaling of climate finance beyond the USD$100 billion annual pledge. The document also emphasizes the need for transparency, high-ambition national commitments, political parity between mitigation and adaptation, and enhanced private sector engagement in pre-2020 ambition through Workstream 2.

Based on data from 1,763 companies, the report shows that low-carbon investments, particularly in energy efficiency and renewables, can deliver significant internal rates of return (IRR). It highlights that 'forward-thinking' companies—those aligning targets with climate science—outperform peers financially. However, it notes that most corporate targets remain insufficient to meet the 2°C global temperature rise limit, calling for stable, long-term policy frameworks to incentivize more expensive, transformational decarbonization.

The We Mean Business coalition seeks to align the private sector with the Paris Agreement's goal of keeping global warming well below 2°C. The coalition focuses on three pillars: demonstrating business implementation of climate commitments, encouraging new corporate commitments, and advocating for government policies—such as carbon pricing and domestic legislation for Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)—that enable business leadership. It emphasizes the need for a 'virtuous circle' where NDCs drive business action, which in turn informs more ambitious NDCs. The document also calls for scaling up climate finance from billions to trillions and integrating the private sector into national adaptation plans and resilience strategies.

The document outlines a comprehensive leadership framework for companies to address the climate crisis. It emphasizes setting science-based net-zero targets aligned with a 1.5°C pathway, integrating climate goals into core business strategies, advocating for bold public policy, and maintaining transparent disclosure of progress and governance.

The document argues that current corporate GHG accounting often conflates physical inventories with market-based performance accounting, leading to opacity and lackluster climate finance. By analyzing the Paris Agreement's architecture—which strictly separates national physical inventories from market-based 'emissions balances'—the authors propose a more robust corporate framework. Key recommendations include adopting dual-ledger reporting, establishing governance bodies for accreditation of market instruments, and implementing standardized biennial reporting to track annual progress toward net-zero targets rather than focusing solely on a single target year.

The study assesses the potential for China's road transport sector to peak greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and petroleum demand, estimating that emissions could be reduced by 50-95% by 2060 compared to 2020 levels. It highlights that freight transport requires more significant emission reductions than passenger transport, specifically a cumulative 19,367 million tonnes of CO2eq from 2020 to 2060. The research identifies vehicle electrification, structural changes, and fuel efficiency as critical drivers, with total low-carbon investment needs estimated between CNY 39-83 trillion through 2060.

The document argues that carbon removal is necessary to meet Paris Agreement temperature targets, as emissions reductions alone are insufficient. It advocates for a portfolio-based approach to carbon removal technologies to manage uncertainty and risks, emphasizing the need for effective governance and safeguards to prevent the displacement of food production or ecosystem loss.

The paper argues that the United States must invest up to $6 billion per year in federal funding over the next decade to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, targeting a removal benchmark of 2 GtCO2 per year. It distinguishes carbon removal—which includes natural methods like tree restoration and high-tech methods like direct air capture—from emissions reduction measures such as CCS with fossil energy. The author asserts that public funding is necessary to bridge the gap between costs and co-benefits for natural pathways, while technological pathways require sustained R&D and commercialization support.

The document argues that national governments can increase the ambition and credibility of their NDCs by integrating subnational data, targets, and policies. It emphasizes that since cities are responsible for over 70 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, multilevel partnerships are essential for achieving net zero emissions and climate resilience. The guide offers eight recommendations across three stages to facilitate subnational participation in the NDC development process, specifically targeting the 2025 deadline set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The document advocates for a shift in how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) approach climate action, moving beyond simply maximizing climate finance volumes to ensuring their entire investment portfolios align with the Paris Agreement. It emphasizes the need for MDBs to stop supporting CO2-emitting energy sources, mainstream climate risks for a world 3-4°C warmer, and support the strengthening of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

The research identifies a systemic 'siloed approach' where Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are managed by separate institutions, typically environment ministries for NDCs and central cabinet-level offices for SDGs. To overcome this, the paper proposes five core elements for joined-up implementation: coordinating institutions, aligning targets, joint mainstreaming into policy planning, optimizing financial resources, and creating mutually reinforcing monitoring frameworks. The study argues that integrating these agendas reduces transaction costs, fosters 'win-win solutions', and helps ensure a just transition by applying the 'leaving no one behind' principle to climate action. It highlights that while some countries have begun linking these frameworks, a fully integrated approach requires significant shifts in institutional and financial structures to avoid the 'cherry-picking' of targets by line ministries.

The Science-based Targets for Faith (SBTF) guidance helps Faith-based Organizations (FBOs) reduce operational emissions from energy, mobility, heating, and cooling. It outlines a process for compiling emissions inventories, setting science-based targets, and striving for net zero emissions by 2050, leveraging the significant global footprint of FBO assets like places of worship, schools, and healthcare facilities.

The analysis finds that pursuing a net zero emissions pathway by 2050 in Ethiopia would increase the average real annual GDP growth rate by 1.4 percent relative to a business-as-usual scenario. While the NZE pathway requires an additional US$66.98 billion in cumulative investment costs by 2050, it is projected to generate $111 billion in cumulative co-benefits through increased real GDP and avoid $89 billion in costs, primarily in energy. Social co-benefits include an average of 672,000 additional green jobs and significant increases in disposable incomes (10.5 percent by 2030 and 53.1 percent by 2050). The benefit-cost ratio for investments in mitigation and adaptation is estimated to rise from 1.04 in 2030 to 2.99 by 2050.

The analysis demonstrates that early investment in clean energy is essential for Indonesia to achieve 8% annual GDP growth by 2029 while meeting climate goals. Under a CIPP-aligned JETP scenario, the transition is projected to create over 1 million jobs in renewable energy construction, significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve energy security by reducing oil imports.

The document addresses the lack of transparency and clarity in climate mitigation pledges from both Annex I and non-Annex I Parties under the Cancun Agreements. It argues that while Annex I Parties can resolve these issues through common accounting rules, non-Annex I Parties require a specific clarification process for their diverse nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) to enable progress tracking and the assessment of global emissions reductions.

The paper presents the City Climate Policy Assessment Framework, which evaluates city-level climate policies across seven sectors: community-wide initiatives, building policy, transportation policy, energy and water utilities, waste management, local government operations, and green finance. Based on an analysis of 12 cities in China and abroad, the study finds that while cities often excel in government operations and utilities, gaps persist in transportation, building policies, and community initiatives. It highlights that many cities set goals more ambitious than national standards and recommends improving data transparency and strengthening financial instruments like tax incentives and climate investment funds to address funding gaps.

The analysis finds that while current G20 pledges are insufficient, aligning G20 targets with a 1.5°C pathway and reaching net-zero by 2050 could limit end-of-century warming to 1.7°C, closing three quarters of the gap to the 1.5°C goal.

The document details the energy efficiency trajectories of the U.S. and China, noting that the U.S. has seen a steady decline in energy intensity since 1950, while China experienced significant fluctuations, including a sharp increase between 2000 and 2005 before implementing binding reduction targets. It outlines current targets, such as the U.S. goal of net-zero by 2050 and China's goal of carbon neutrality by 2060, and highlights the history of U.S.-China cooperation through initiatives like the Energy Efficiency Action Plan and the Energy Efficiency Forum.

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the climate and energy landscapes in China and the United States. For China, it highlights a 4.7% increase in CO2 emissions in 2023, the growth of non-fossil fuel power capacity to 53.9% of the total, and the implementation of the 'Carbon Peak' pilot program and the restart of the CCER market. For the United States, it notes a projected 1.9% decrease in emissions for 2023, the impact of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), and the focus on decarbonizing the power sector by 2035. The briefing also details the 'Sunnylands Statement' as a framework for bilateral cooperation on methane and energy transition, while noting tensions regarding trade policies and the potential impact of the 2024 US election.